{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2022535566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2012.2212281","title":"Utility-Aware Anonymization of Diagnosis Codes","display_name":"Utility-Aware Anonymization of Diagnosis Codes","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2022535566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2012.2212281","mag":"2022535566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/titb.2012.2212281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2012.2212281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065416953","display_name":"Grigorios Loukides","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0888-5061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Loukides","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K","[Sch. of Comput. Sci. & Inf., Cardiff Univ., Cardiff, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sch. of Comput. Sci. & Inf., Cardiff Univ., Cardiff, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081141966","display_name":"Aris Gkoulalas-Divanis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0011-6591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145784","display_name":"IBM Research - Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/04jnxr720","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115","https://openalex.org/I4210145784"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Gkoulalas-Divanis","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research-Ireland, IBM Smarter Cities Technology Centre, Dublin, Ireland","Smarter Cities Technology Centre, IBM Research-Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research-Ireland, IBM Smarter Cities Technology Centre, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145784"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smarter Cities Technology Centre, IBM Research-Ireland, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145784"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065416953"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5688,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89995186,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":"60","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10582","display_name":"Ethics in Clinical Research","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7175297737121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biobank","display_name":"Biobank","score":0.7143173217773438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6037808060646057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biorepository","display_name":"Biorepository","score":0.5896210670471191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnosis-code","display_name":"Diagnosis code","score":0.5298837423324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.5106421113014221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4563179612159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.41974157094955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4114741086959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18400979042053223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.16496002674102783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7175297737121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116567970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864217","display_name":"Biobank","level":2,"score":0.7143173217773438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6037808060646057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780932742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915239","display_name":"Biorepository","level":3,"score":0.5896210670471191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45827449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270338","display_name":"Diagnosis code","level":3,"score":0.5298837423324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5106421113014221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4563179612159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.41974157094955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4114741086959839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18400979042053223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.16496002674102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/titb.2012.2212281","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2012.2212281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495854775","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","issn_l":"2168-2194","issn":["2168-2194","2168-2208"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:38970","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/38970/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13978729","https://openalex.org/W65382107","https://openalex.org/W1580325466","https://openalex.org/W1966007489","https://openalex.org/W1966654135","https://openalex.org/W1992235353","https://openalex.org/W1992419399","https://openalex.org/W2000502928","https://openalex.org/W2000646855","https://openalex.org/W2001336960","https://openalex.org/W2006776184","https://openalex.org/W2059900053","https://openalex.org/W2090125639","https://openalex.org/W2102729801","https://openalex.org/W2107021160","https://openalex.org/W2110121091","https://openalex.org/W2110259318","https://openalex.org/W2113105800","https://openalex.org/W2119067110","https://openalex.org/W2120539430","https://openalex.org/W2123453946","https://openalex.org/W2124972954","https://openalex.org/W2132223977","https://openalex.org/W2140722948","https://openalex.org/W2141640676","https://openalex.org/W2142406320","https://openalex.org/W2146040521","https://openalex.org/W2147759459","https://openalex.org/W2156728651","https://openalex.org/W2159024459","https://openalex.org/W2161229593","https://openalex.org/W2166602595","https://openalex.org/W3122982304","https://openalex.org/W6600550936","https://openalex.org/W6602739194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2564501837","https://openalex.org/W2400586671","https://openalex.org/W4247865788","https://openalex.org/W2006320202","https://openalex.org/W2556546522","https://openalex.org/W2153448167","https://openalex.org/W1974841481","https://openalex.org/W4239172512","https://openalex.org/W2557805005","https://openalex.org/W2328005876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"need":[2],"for":[3],"performing":[4],"large-scale":[5,165],"and":[6,34,50,117,125,205],"low-cost":[7],"biomedical":[8,197],"studies":[9,204],"has":[10],"led":[11],"organizations":[12],"to":[13,44,55,72,95,104,122,136,177],"promote":[14],"the":[15,22,28,37,97,129,133,149,156,169,181],"reuse":[16],"of":[17,25,39,88,99,119,132,155,171],"patient":[18],"data.":[19],"For":[20],"instance,":[21],"National":[23],"Institutes":[24],"Health":[26],"in":[27,36,180,199],"U.S.":[29],"requires":[30],"patient-specific":[31],"data":[32,61,89,135,193],"collected":[33],"analyzed":[35],"context":[38],"Genome-wide":[40],"Association":[41],"Studies":[42],"(GWAS)":[43],"be":[45,70],"deposited":[46],"into":[47,127],"a":[48,81,101,164],"biorepository":[49],"broadly":[51],"disseminated.":[52],"While":[53],"essential":[54],"comply":[56],"with":[57],"regulations,":[58],"disseminating":[59],"such":[60],"risks":[62],"privacy":[63,124],"breaches":[64],"because":[65],"patients'":[66],"genomic":[67,106],"sequences":[68],"can":[69],"linked":[71,176],"their":[73,105],"identities":[74],"through":[75],"diagnosis":[76,93,120],"codes.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"proposes":[80],"novel":[82],"approach":[83,109,190],"that":[84,114,188,194],"prevents":[85],"this":[86],"type":[87],"linkage":[90],"by":[91],"modifying":[92],"codes":[94,121],"limit":[96],"probability":[98],"associating":[100],"patient's":[102],"identity":[103],"sequence.":[107],"Our":[108,185],"employs":[110],"an":[111],"effective":[112],"algorithm":[113],"uses":[115,131],"generalization":[116],"suppression":[118],"preserve":[123],"takes":[126],"account":[128],"intended":[130],"disseminated":[134],"guarantee":[137],"utility.":[138],"We":[139],"also":[140],"present":[141],"extensive":[142],"experiments":[143],"using":[144,168],"several":[145],"datasets":[146],"derived":[147],"from":[148],"electronic":[150],"medical":[151],"record":[152],"(EMR)":[153],"system":[154],"Vanderbilt":[157,182],"University":[158,183],"Medical":[159],"Center,":[160],"as":[161,163],"well":[162],"case":[166,202],"study":[167],"EMRs":[170],"79K":[172],"patients,":[173],"which":[174],"are":[175],"DNA":[178],"contained":[179],"biobank.":[184],"results":[186],"verify":[187],"our":[189],"generates":[191],"anonymized":[192],"permit":[195],"accurate":[196],"analysis":[198],"tasks":[200],"including":[201],"count":[203],"GWAS.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}