{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138827016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2012.2188534","title":"Probabilistic Learning From Incomplete Data for Recognition of Activities of Daily Living in Smart Homes","display_name":"Probabilistic Learning From Incomplete Data for Recognition of Activities of Daily Living in Smart Homes","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138827016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2012.2188534","mag":"2138827016","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22411044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/titb.2012.2188534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2012.2188534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68937846","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","issn_l":"1089-7771","issn":["1089-7771","1558-0032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328881","display_name":"Shuai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-6404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Engineering, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK. s.zhang@ulster.ac.uk","Sch. of Comput. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Ulster, Coleraine, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Engineering, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK. s.zhang@ulster.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Ulster, Coleraine, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022378204","display_name":"Sally McClean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6871-3504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. I. McClean","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Engineering, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK","Sch. of Comput. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Ulster, Coleraine, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Engineering, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Ulster, Coleraine, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025293749","display_name":"Bryan Scotney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8243-2223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138801177","display_name":"University of Ulster","ror":"https://ror.org/01yp9g959","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. W. Scotney","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Engineering, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK","Sch. of Comput. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Ulster, Coleraine, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Engineering, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput. & Inf. Eng., Univ. of Ulster, Coleraine, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138801177"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5407,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9387722,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"454","last_page":"462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9487000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.7961618900299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6556583642959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6438348293304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-environment","display_name":"Smart environment","score":0.6418420672416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activities-of-daily-living","display_name":"Activities of daily living","score":0.6355175971984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5660189986228943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-automation","display_name":"Home automation","score":0.5447878837585449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49804139137268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.48391395807266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion","display_name":"Intrusion","score":0.47781044244766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.41867348551750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16008517146110535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.14939171075820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08486485481262207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.7961618900299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6556583642959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6438348293304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152223200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055471","display_name":"Smart environment","level":3,"score":0.6418420672416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79544238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423243","display_name":"Activities of daily living","level":2,"score":0.6355175971984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5660189986228943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.5447878837585449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49804139137268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.48391395807266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.47781044244766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.41867348551750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16008517146110535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.14939171075820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08486485481262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000203","descriptor_name":"Activities of Daily Living","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000203","descriptor_name":"Activities of Daily Living","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000203","descriptor_name":"Activities of Daily Living","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018670","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Ambulatory","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018670","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Ambulatory","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018670","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Ambulatory","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/titb.2012.2188534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2012.2188534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68937846","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","issn_l":"1089-7771","issn":["1089-7771","1558-0032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22411044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22411044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2233034465","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GR/S29874/01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4033216478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/F063822/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5100424992","display_name":"MATCH - Renewal of IMRC Award","funder_award_id":"EP/F063822/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560648202","https://openalex.org/W1979856070","https://openalex.org/W1997203390","https://openalex.org/W2003637680","https://openalex.org/W2009567462","https://openalex.org/W2019209932","https://openalex.org/W2049328142","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2092743072","https://openalex.org/W2093147212","https://openalex.org/W2122369054","https://openalex.org/W2122834444","https://openalex.org/W2129897528","https://openalex.org/W2134516133","https://openalex.org/W2145855385","https://openalex.org/W2156649770","https://openalex.org/W4246464474","https://openalex.org/W6678075935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2980701909","https://openalex.org/W3003171896","https://openalex.org/W2059102265","https://openalex.org/W2474529778","https://openalex.org/W2903440013","https://openalex.org/W4306734797","https://openalex.org/W187587118","https://openalex.org/W2896129225","https://openalex.org/W2293376603","https://openalex.org/W4245411178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"behavioral":[1,96],"patterns":[2,97],"for":[3,94,98],"activities":[4,37],"of":[5,20,35,43,59,74,111,177],"daily":[6],"living":[7,100],"in":[8,101,124,149],"a":[9,102,134],"smart":[10,104],"home":[11,105],"environment":[12],"can":[13,184],"be":[14,25,29,54,181],"challenged":[15],"by":[16,56,107],"the":[17,32,41,50,57,175],"limited":[18,113],"number":[19],"training":[21],"data":[22,77,84,118,162],"that":[23,52,78,136,159],"may":[24,28,85],"available.":[26],"This":[27],"due":[30],"to":[31,46,69,180],"infrequent":[33],"repetition":[34],"routine":[36],"(e.g.,":[38],"once":[39],"daily),":[40],"expense":[42],"using":[44,130],"observers":[45,60],"label":[47],"activities,":[48,115],"and":[49,144,183,189],"intrusion":[51],"would":[53],"caused":[55],"presence":[58],"over":[61],"long":[62],"time":[63],"periods.":[64],"It":[65],"is":[66],"important,":[67],"therefore,":[68],"make":[70],"as":[71,168],"much":[72],"use":[73,110],"any":[75],"labeled":[76,114],"are":[79],"collected,":[80],"however,":[81],"incomplete":[82,117],"these":[83],"be.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88,125],"paper,":[89],"we":[90,132],"propose":[91],"an":[92],"algorithm":[93,156],"learning":[95],"multi-inhabitants":[99],"single":[103],"environment,":[106],"making":[108],"full":[109],"all":[112],"including":[116,147],"resulting":[119],"from":[120,141],"unreliable":[121],"low-level":[122],"sensors":[123,179],"environment.":[126],"Through":[127],"maximum-likelihood":[128],"estimation,":[129],"Expectation-Maximization,":[131],"build":[133],"model":[135],"captures":[137],"both":[138],"environmental":[139],"uncertainties":[140],"sensor":[142,187],"readings":[143],"user":[145],"uncertainties,":[146],"variations":[148],"how":[150],"individuals":[151],"carry":[152],"out":[153],"activities.":[154],"Our":[155],"outperforms":[157],"models":[158],"cannot":[160],"handle":[161],"incompleteness,":[163],"with":[164],"increasing":[165],"performance":[166],"gains":[167],"incompleteness":[169],"increases.":[170],"The":[171],"approach":[172],"also":[173],"enables":[174],"impact":[176],"particular":[178],"assessed":[182],"thus":[185],"inform":[186],"maintenance":[188],"deployment.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
