{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2152302831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2010.2044185","title":"Evaluating the Lower-Body Electromyogram Signal Acquired From the Feet As a Noise Reference for Standing Ballistocardiogram Measurements","display_name":"Evaluating the Lower-Body Electromyogram Signal Acquired From the Feet As a Noise Reference for Standing Ballistocardiogram Measurements","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2152302831","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2010.2044185","mag":"2152302831","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20371416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/titb.2010.2044185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2010.2044185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68937846","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","issn_l":"1089-7771","issn":["1089-7771","1558-0032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076927036","display_name":"Omer T. Inan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7952-1794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"O T Inan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019052452","display_name":"G.T.A. Kovacs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0762-0080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280581677","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280581677","https://openalex.org/I1296703163","https://openalex.org/I1330347796"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G T A Kovacs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectronics Technology Office, Defense Advanced Research Project Agency, Arlington, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectronics Technology Office, Defense Advanced Research Project Agency, Arlington, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280581677"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038915825","display_name":"Laurent Giovangrandi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L Giovangrandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076927036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2668,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80656236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"1188","last_page":"1196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12279","display_name":"Body Composition Measurement Techniques","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5608984231948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballistocardiography","display_name":"Ballistocardiography","score":0.5553313493728638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5424587726593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leg-muscle","display_name":"Leg muscle","score":0.4549602270126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromyography","display_name":"Electromyography","score":0.4374653398990631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3947681784629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.34912458062171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31924140453338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.28375351428985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20274749398231506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12816768884658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.09129172563552856}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5608984231948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779611634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4851812","display_name":"Ballistocardiography","level":2,"score":0.5553313493728638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5424587726593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019295976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6027402","display_name":"Leg muscle","level":2,"score":0.4549602270126343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.4374653398990631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3947681784629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.34912458062171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31924140453338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28375351428985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20274749398231506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12816768884658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.09129172563552856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005528","descriptor_name":"Foot","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005528","descriptor_name":"Foot","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005528","descriptor_name":"Foot","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/titb.2010.2044185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/titb.2010.2044185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68937846","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","issn_l":"1089-7771","issn":["1089-7771","1558-0032"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20371416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20371416","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313720","display_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","ror":"https://ror.org/014cfdh55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332622","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W560172212","https://openalex.org/W1754634067","https://openalex.org/W1969090485","https://openalex.org/W1973389815","https://openalex.org/W1981246897","https://openalex.org/W2019765145","https://openalex.org/W2064566045","https://openalex.org/W2078126533","https://openalex.org/W2098529127","https://openalex.org/W2103844937","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2117346553","https://openalex.org/W2122230313","https://openalex.org/W2122244944","https://openalex.org/W2158127957","https://openalex.org/W2247908160","https://openalex.org/W2342847974","https://openalex.org/W2534912336","https://openalex.org/W2542000969","https://openalex.org/W2610992316","https://openalex.org/W2616351976","https://openalex.org/W4230698322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2443144249","https://openalex.org/W2414059932","https://openalex.org/W2419862092","https://openalex.org/W2409338817","https://openalex.org/W2086567125","https://openalex.org/W2143256197","https://openalex.org/W2401675268","https://openalex.org/W2412703768","https://openalex.org/W2029474091","https://openalex.org/W2429795628"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,179],"ballistocardiogram":[1],"(BCG)":[2],"is":[3,58,239],"a":[4,75,103,111,171,176,214],"measure":[5],"of":[6,10,16,20,96,135,148,153,170,230],"the":[7,11,44,54,60,65,82,88,94,97,117,122,127,136,146,154,168,231],"reaction":[8],"force":[9],"body":[12],"to":[13,53,78,132,194],"cardiac":[14],"ejection":[15],"blood.":[17],"A":[18],"variety":[19],"systems":[21],"can":[22],"be":[23,195],"used":[24,131],"for":[25,106,234],"BCG":[26,100,108,137,155,187,236],"detection,":[27],"including":[28],"beds,":[29],"tables,":[30],"chairs,":[31],"and":[32,51,130,186],"weighing":[33],"scales.":[34],"Weighing":[35],"scales,":[36],"in":[37,74,81,121],"particular,":[38],"have":[39],"several":[40],"practical":[41],"advantages":[42],"over":[43],"alternatives:":[45],"low":[46],"cost,":[47],"small":[48],"size,":[49],"unobtrusiveness,":[50],"familiarity":[52],"user;":[55],"one":[56],"disadvantage":[57],"that":[59,139],"subject":[61,98,112],"must":[62],"stand":[63],"during":[64,99],"recording,":[66],"rather":[67],"than":[68],"sit":[69],"or":[70],"lay":[71],"supine,":[72],"resulting":[73],"higher":[76],"susceptibility":[77],"motion":[79],"artifacts":[80],"measured":[83],"signal.":[84],"This":[85],"paper":[86],"evaluates":[87],"electromyogram":[89],"(EMG)":[90],"signal":[91,138],"acquired":[92],"from":[93,189],"feet":[95,123],"recording":[101],"as":[102,175],"noise":[104],"reference":[105],"standing":[107,115],"measurements.":[109],"As":[110],"moves":[113],"while":[114],"on":[116],"scale,":[118],"muscle":[119],"contractions":[120],"are":[124,140],"detected":[125],"by":[126,142],"EMG":[128,183,233],"signal,":[129],"flag":[133],"segments":[134],"corrupted":[141],"elevated":[143],"noise.":[144],"For":[145],"purposes":[147],"evaluating":[149],"this":[150],"method,":[151,166],"estimates":[152],"noise-to-signal":[156],"ratio":[157],"(NSR)":[158],"were":[159],"independently":[160],"calculated":[161],"with":[162,206],"an":[163,227],"ensemble":[164],"average":[165],"using":[167],"R-wave":[169],"simultaneously-acquired":[172],"chest":[173],"ECG":[174],"timing":[177],"reference.":[178],"linear":[180,211],"correlation":[181,216],"between":[182],"power":[184],"alone":[185],"NSR":[188],"14":[190],"subjects":[191],"was":[192],"found":[193],"moderate":[196],"(":[197,217],"r":[198,218],"=":[199,219,224],"0.58,":[200],"F-statistic":[201],"p":[202],"-value":[203],"0.05);":[204],"combined":[205],"body-mass":[207],"index":[208],"(BMI),":[209],"multiple":[210],"regression":[212],"yielded":[213],"stronger":[215],"0.73,":[220],"F":[221],"-statistic":[222],"p-value":[223],"0.01).":[225],"Additionally,":[226],"example":[228],"usage":[229],"lower-leg":[232],"improving":[235],"measurement":[237],"robustness":[238],"provided.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}