{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128640669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2026.3663678","title":"From Freshness to Effectiveness : Goal-Oriented Sampling for Remote Decision Making","display_name":"From Freshness to Effectiveness : Goal-Oriented Sampling for Remote Decision Making","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128640669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2026.3663678"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2026.3663678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2026.3663678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016226762","display_name":"Aimin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-4378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158809036","display_name":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03wrf9427","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aimin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aerospace Communication and Networking Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-4378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aerospace Communication and Networking Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036","https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125632646","display_name":"Shaohua Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158809036","display_name":"Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03wrf9427","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158809036"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aerospace Communication and Networking Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-0594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aerospace Communication and Networking Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Campus, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158809036","https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062991778","display_name":"G. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary C. F. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Connexis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Connexis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121076459","display_name":"Sumei Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Connexis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-8122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Connexis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":26.1524,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99308467,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"4","first_page":"2237","last_page":"2276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.7225000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/importance-sampling","display_name":"Importance sampling","score":0.38589999079704285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.7225000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7160999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5789999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52740198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1539564","display_name":"Importance sampling","level":3,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781395549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680762","display_name":"Adaptive sampling","level":3,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82152865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208505","display_name":"Poisson sampling","level":5,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775907273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805281","display_name":"Time constraint","level":2,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137631369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617831","display_name":"Stochastic programming","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75373757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7410160","display_name":"Sampling design","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150325174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4335500","display_name":"Optimal decision","level":3,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170593435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4128565","display_name":"Slice sampling","level":4,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148764684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621751","display_name":"Approximation algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2026.3663678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2026.3663678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5528907775878906}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2246487800","display_name":"\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u6548\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\u7684\u6df1\u7a7a\u6d4b\u63a7\u901a\u4fe1\u4f20\u8f93\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61871147","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4745356048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PCL2024A01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7283462750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1458771408","https://openalex.org/W1539841317","https://openalex.org/W1640967807","https://openalex.org/W1677318746","https://openalex.org/W1919404870","https://openalex.org/W1967956032","https://openalex.org/W1993918491","https://openalex.org/W1997020095","https://openalex.org/W2014447384","https://openalex.org/W2026076901","https://openalex.org/W2038378248","https://openalex.org/W2052334067","https://openalex.org/W2055418958","https://openalex.org/W2068531154","https://openalex.org/W2081374871","https://openalex.org/W2095323819","https://openalex.org/W2117864026","https://openalex.org/W2118166401","https://openalex.org/W2121233943","https://openalex.org/W2489166266","https://openalex.org/W2744248483","https://openalex.org/W2808614360","https://openalex.org/W2886359150","https://openalex.org/W2963082493","https://openalex.org/W2963294159","https://openalex.org/W2964250104","https://openalex.org/W2964345816","https://openalex.org/W2966441493","https://openalex.org/W2970983057","https://openalex.org/W2972133898","https://openalex.org/W2983341653","https://openalex.org/W3010727161","https://openalex.org/W3013374752","https://openalex.org/W3017345035","https://openalex.org/W3019935896","https://openalex.org/W3029672350","https://openalex.org/W3041291604","https://openalex.org/W3044209767","https://openalex.org/W3045383574","https://openalex.org/W3080810850","https://openalex.org/W3104436821","https://openalex.org/W3115681718","https://openalex.org/W3129841468","https://openalex.org/W3131354038","https://openalex.org/W3132179075","https://openalex.org/W3137257456","https://openalex.org/W3155249289","https://openalex.org/W3164366798","https://openalex.org/W3173238424","https://openalex.org/W3177724065","https://openalex.org/W3180974649","https://openalex.org/W3189917158","https://openalex.org/W3195819804","https://openalex.org/W3200517331","https://openalex.org/W3204258145","https://openalex.org/W3207003825","https://openalex.org/W3215365188","https://openalex.org/W4205984110","https://openalex.org/W4225350605","https://openalex.org/W4237591687","https://openalex.org/W4241051765","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4290995020","https://openalex.org/W4297882599","https://openalex.org/W4297882658","https://openalex.org/W4307920668","https://openalex.org/W4312040304","https://openalex.org/W4312881208","https://openalex.org/W4313427316","https://openalex.org/W4313455370","https://openalex.org/W4315630314","https://openalex.org/W4366251214","https://openalex.org/W4381415989","https://openalex.org/W4386249811","https://openalex.org/W4387197045","https://openalex.org/W4387397220","https://openalex.org/W4387415310","https://openalex.org/W4388836103","https://openalex.org/W4390098252","https://openalex.org/W4390285198","https://openalex.org/W4391020658","https://openalex.org/W4395069505","https://openalex.org/W4395686776","https://openalex.org/W4396680474","https://openalex.org/W4399039546","https://openalex.org/W4399835332","https://openalex.org/W4400188121","https://openalex.org/W4400276040","https://openalex.org/W4400877848","https://openalex.org/W4401508158","https://openalex.org/W4401693748","https://openalex.org/W4401871087","https://openalex.org/W4403391445","https://openalex.org/W4405908101","https://openalex.org/W4405909400","https://openalex.org/W4405909473","https://openalex.org/W4406355133","https://openalex.org/W4410536662","https://openalex.org/W4415481054"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"freshness,":[1],"measured":[2],"by":[3,50],"Age":[4],"of":[5,26,122,163],"Information":[6],"(AoI),":[7],"is":[8],"highly":[9],"relevant":[10],"in":[11,38,156,174,206],"networked":[12],"applications":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"Vehicle":[16],"to":[17,36,181],"Everything":[18],"(V2X),":[19],"smart":[20],"health":[21],"systems,":[22],"and":[23,57,67,88,96,126],"Industrial":[24],"Internet":[25],"Things":[27],"(IIoT).":[28],"However,":[29],"freshness":[30],"alone":[31],"does":[32,201],"not":[33,202],"always":[34],"equate":[35],"utility":[37],"decision-making.":[39,207],"In":[40],"decision-critical":[41],"settings,":[42],"somestaledata":[43],"may":[44],"be":[45],"more":[46],"valuable":[47],"thanfreshupdates.":[48],"Motivated":[49],"this,":[51],"we":[52,74,104,142,167,189],"move":[53],"beyond":[54,197],"AoI-centric":[55],"policies":[56],"investigate":[58],"how":[59],"datastalenessaffects":[60],"remote":[61,89],"decision-making":[62,90],"effectiveness":[63],"under":[64,91],"random":[65,97],"delay":[66],"limited":[68],"communication":[69],"resources.":[70],"To":[71,99],"this":[72,102],"end,":[73],"propose":[75,143],"AR-MDP,":[76],"an":[77],"Age-aware":[78],"Remote":[79],"Markov":[80],"Decision":[81],"Process":[82],"framework,":[83],"which":[84,152,198],"co-designs":[85],"optimal":[86],"sampling":[87,93,195,200],"a":[92,106,123,132,144,183,191],"frequency":[94],"constraint":[95],"delay.":[98],"efficiently":[100],"solve":[101],"problem,":[103],"design":[105],"newtwo-stagehierarchical":[107],"algorithm,":[108],"namely":[109],"Quick":[110],"Bellman-Linear-Program":[111],"(QUICKBLP),":[112],"where":[113],"the":[114,119,127,138,170,194],"first":[115,140],"stage":[116,129],"involves":[117,130],"solving":[118,131],"Dinkelbach":[120],"root":[121],"Bellman":[124],"variant":[125],"second":[128],"streamlined":[133],"linear":[134],"program":[135],"(LP).":[136],"For":[137],"tricky":[139],"stage,":[141],"new":[145],"One-layer":[146],"Primal-Dinkelbach":[147],"Synchronous":[148],"Iteration":[149],"(ONEPDSI)":[150],"method,":[151],"overcomes":[153],"there-convergenceandnon-expansive":[154],"divergencepresent":[155],"existingper-samplemulti-layer":[157],"algorithms.":[158],"Through":[159],"rigorous":[160],"convergence":[161],"analysis":[162],"our":[164,211],"proposed":[165],"algorithms,":[166],"establish":[168],"that":[169],"worst-case":[171],"optimality":[172],"gap":[173],"ONEPDSI":[175],"exhibits":[176],"exponential":[177],"decay":[178],"with":[179],"respect":[180],"iterationKat":[182],"rate":[184],"ofO(":[185],"1/RK).":[186],"Throughsensitivity":[187],"analysis,":[188],"derive":[190],"threshold":[192],"for":[193],"frequency,":[196],"additional":[199],"yield":[203],"further":[204],"gains":[205],"Simulation":[208],"results":[209],"validate":[210],"analyses.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2026-02-12T00:00:00"}
