{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413785874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2025.3603619","title":"Confirmation Bias in Gaussian Mixture Models","display_name":"Confirmation Bias in Gaussian Mixture Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413785874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2025.3603619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2025.3603619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2025.3603619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091606560","display_name":"Amnon Balanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-5833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141777","display_name":"Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo","ror":"https://ror.org/04cg6c004","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141777"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amnon Balanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-5833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141777","https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000527961","display_name":"Tamir Bendory","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2373-9388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141777","display_name":"Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo","ror":"https://ror.org/04cg6c004","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141777"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamir Bendory","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2373-9388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141777","https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043037048","display_name":"Wasim Huleihel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-1911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141777","display_name":"Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo","ror":"https://ror.org/04cg6c004","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141777"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wasim Huleihel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7500-1911","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141777","https://openalex.org/I16391192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10468922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"11","first_page":"8871","last_page":"8898"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11901","display_name":"Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9175999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.5095922946929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47548162937164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.4346764087677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4268856644630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35160279273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.34621119499206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31906649470329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2703953683376312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19752365350723267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.5095922946929932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47548162937164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.4346764087677002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4268856644630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35160279273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.34621119499206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31906649470329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2703953683376312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19752365350723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2025.3603619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2025.3603619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1319212422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308960","funder_display_name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1431310876","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1734/21","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","funder_display_name":"Israel Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7416518505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1924/21","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","funder_display_name":"Israel Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8107880533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1734/21","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322596","funder_display_name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308960","display_name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00j8z2m73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322252","display_name":"Israel Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04sazxf24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322596","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526704262","https://openalex.org/W1972168313","https://openalex.org/W1980494867","https://openalex.org/W1981367467","https://openalex.org/W1985107420","https://openalex.org/W1995052019","https://openalex.org/W2005240547","https://openalex.org/W2024589952","https://openalex.org/W2025688933","https://openalex.org/W2031783188","https://openalex.org/W2035141480","https://openalex.org/W2056243712","https://openalex.org/W2058536502","https://openalex.org/W2059515884","https://openalex.org/W2060207914","https://openalex.org/W2066923007","https://openalex.org/W2072951627","https://openalex.org/W2077874772","https://openalex.org/W2088152928","https://openalex.org/W2108343180","https://openalex.org/W2109246257","https://openalex.org/W2110516497","https://openalex.org/W2114341667","https://openalex.org/W2114473842","https://openalex.org/W2115704439","https://openalex.org/W2117858075","https://openalex.org/W2134199473","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2152842394","https://openalex.org/W2158472942","https://openalex.org/W2167488177","https://openalex.org/W2167595480","https://openalex.org/W2199495299","https://openalex.org/W2268212270","https://openalex.org/W2605029335","https://openalex.org/W2610514561","https://openalex.org/W2777227381","https://openalex.org/W2891574298","https://openalex.org/W2962734859","https://openalex.org/W2963099215","https://openalex.org/W2970227627","https://openalex.org/W2972329136","https://openalex.org/W2979473749","https://openalex.org/W2999711695","https://openalex.org/W3009153763","https://openalex.org/W3017228661","https://openalex.org/W3023323852","https://openalex.org/W3113313164","https://openalex.org/W3121324275","https://openalex.org/W4211192810","https://openalex.org/W4245577611","https://openalex.org/W4250954493","https://openalex.org/W4252814261","https://openalex.org/W4393948324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W4409439182","https://openalex.org/W1975321310","https://openalex.org/W2014494654","https://openalex.org/W1578916557","https://openalex.org/W1992295166","https://openalex.org/W1964286703","https://openalex.org/W2143508933","https://openalex.org/W2169866437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Confirmation":[0],"bias,":[1],"the":[2,25,30,64,91,108,120,123,138,142,155,161,165,171,178,190,194,197,207,233,248,267],"tendency":[3],"to":[4,21,118,152],"interpret":[5],"information":[6],"in":[7,42,58,89,177,253,262],"a":[8,78,104,186,210],"way":[9],"that":[10,23,130,136,145,159,232],"aligns":[11],"with":[12,82],"one\u2019s":[13],"preconceptions,":[14],"can":[15],"profoundly":[16],"impact":[17],"scientific":[18,43,263],"research,":[19],"leading":[20],"conclusions":[22],"reflect":[24],"researcher\u2019s":[26],"hypotheses":[27,166],"even":[28,237],"when":[29],"observational":[31],"data":[32,75,271],"do":[33],"not":[34,175],"support":[35],"them.":[36],"This":[37,53,245],"issue":[38],"is":[39,235],"especially":[40],"critical":[41],"fields":[44],"involving":[45],"highly":[46],"noisy":[47],"observations,":[48],"such":[49],"as":[50,86],"cryo-electron":[51],"microscopy.":[52],"study":[54,246],"investigates":[55],"confirmation":[56,251],"bias":[57,234,252],"Gaussian":[59,79,172],"mixture":[60,80],"models.":[61],"We":[62,200],"consider":[63],"following":[65],"experiment:":[66],"A":[67],"team":[68],"of":[69,95,107,170,206,215,240,242,250,269],"scientists":[70],"assumes":[71],"they":[72],"are":[73,174],"analyzing":[74],"drawn":[76],"from":[77],"model":[81],"known":[83],"signals":[84],"(hypotheses)":[85],"centroids.":[87,121],"However,":[88],"reality,":[90],"observations":[92,124,149],"consist":[93],"entirely":[94],"noise":[96,148],"without":[97],"any":[98],"informative":[99],"structure.":[100],"The":[101],"researchers":[102],"use":[103],"single":[105],"iteration":[106],"<italic":[109,226],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[110,227],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">K</i>-means":[111,228],"or":[112],"expectation-maximization":[113],"algorithms,":[114],"two":[115],"popular":[116],"algorithms":[117,132,156,195],"estimate":[119],"Despite":[122],"being":[125],"pure":[126],"noise,":[127],"we":[128,184,218],"show":[129],"these":[131,147,243],"yield":[133],"biased":[134],"estimates":[135,158,191,208],"resemble":[137],"initial":[139],"hypotheses,":[140],"contradicting":[141],"unbiased":[143],"expectation":[144],"averaging":[146],"would":[150],"converge":[151],"zero.":[153],"Namely,":[154],"generate":[157],"mirror":[160],"postulated":[162],"model,":[163],"although":[164],"(the":[167],"presumed":[168],"centroids":[169],"mixture)":[173],"evident":[176],"observations.":[179],"Specifically,":[180],"among":[181],"other":[182],"results,":[183],"prove":[185],"positive":[187],"correlation":[188],"between":[189],"produced":[192],"by":[193],"and":[196,212,221,229,265],"corresponding":[198],"hypotheses.":[199,216],"also":[201],"derive":[202],"explicit":[203],"closed-form":[204],"expressions":[205],"for":[209,224],"finite":[211],"infinite":[213],"number":[214],"Furthermore,":[217],"provide":[219],"theoretical":[220],"empirical":[222],"results":[223],"multi-iteration":[225],"expectation-maximization,":[230],"showing":[231],"persistent":[236],"after":[238],"hundreds":[239],"iterations":[241],"algorithms.":[244],"underscores":[247],"risks":[249],"low":[254],"signal-to-noise":[255],"environments,":[256],"provides":[257],"insights":[258],"into":[259],"potential":[260],"pitfalls":[261],"methodologies,":[264],"highlights":[266],"importance":[268],"prudent":[270],"interpretation.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}