{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226256772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2022.3146786","title":"Ar\u0131kan Meets Shannon: Polar Codes With Near-Optimal Convergence to Channel Capacity","display_name":"Ar\u0131kan Meets Shannon: Polar Codes With Near-Optimal Convergence to Channel Capacity","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226256772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2022.3146786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2022.3146786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2022.3146786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068388812","display_name":"Venkatesan Guruswami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-3396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107338","display_name":"Simons Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01cmst727","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107338"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Venkatesan Guruswami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","EECS Department and the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Department and the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107338"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066919379","display_name":"Andrii Riazanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-7614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrii Riazanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100725244","display_name":"Min Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1351-8880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068388812"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107338","https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.421,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82019227,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"5","first_page":"2877","last_page":"2919"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-capacity","display_name":"Channel capacity","score":0.719075083732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polar","display_name":"Polar","score":0.5530293583869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5174049139022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4973964989185333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.49698808789253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45774003863334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.4458751678466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-code","display_name":"Channel code","score":0.42579177021980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3846231997013092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3800909221172333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.358914852142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.20944947004318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10215526819229126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97744766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870845","display_name":"Channel capacity","level":3,"score":0.719075083732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29705727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294562","display_name":"Polar","level":2,"score":0.5530293583869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5174049139022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4973964989185333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.49698808789253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45774003863334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.4458751678466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166366890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q602136","display_name":"Channel code","level":3,"score":0.42579177021980286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3846231997013092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3800909221172333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.358914852142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20944947004318237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10215526819229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2022.3146786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2022.3146786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1740449593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1563742","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6751408502","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1814603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8660029734","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1422045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536930200","https://openalex.org/W1588709600","https://openalex.org/W1606480398","https://openalex.org/W1680362028","https://openalex.org/W1966695467","https://openalex.org/W1971123554","https://openalex.org/W1975096885","https://openalex.org/W1993944611","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W1997988698","https://openalex.org/W1999697648","https://openalex.org/W2036491047","https://openalex.org/W2055534149","https://openalex.org/W2096667287","https://openalex.org/W2106864314","https://openalex.org/W2139784773","https://openalex.org/W2142213376","https://openalex.org/W2145712176","https://openalex.org/W2146111332","https://openalex.org/W2150498905","https://openalex.org/W2158137498","https://openalex.org/W2164368671","https://openalex.org/W2169017678","https://openalex.org/W2245941765","https://openalex.org/W2531627753","https://openalex.org/W2570893422","https://openalex.org/W2583184538","https://openalex.org/W2651631380","https://openalex.org/W2904911822","https://openalex.org/W2912673962","https://openalex.org/W2963551778","https://openalex.org/W2963852187","https://openalex.org/W2963962111","https://openalex.org/W2963988569","https://openalex.org/W2975023189","https://openalex.org/W2991327005","https://openalex.org/W2995052683","https://openalex.org/W3037524284","https://openalex.org/W3099794497","https://openalex.org/W3102122722","https://openalex.org/W3108984347","https://openalex.org/W4205855417","https://openalex.org/W4233413206","https://openalex.org/W4242862564","https://openalex.org/W6680597225","https://openalex.org/W6757123565"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137173513","https://openalex.org/W4300005474","https://openalex.org/W2568387792","https://openalex.org/W2351280094","https://openalex.org/W2964140842","https://openalex.org/W2154612888","https://openalex.org/W3203628011","https://openalex.org/W2103408304","https://openalex.org/W1985968643","https://openalex.org/W2152012878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Let":[0],"<inline-formula":[1,17,26,41,56,66,78,110,124],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[2,18,27,42,57,67,79,97,111,125],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[3,19,28,43,58,68,80,112,126],"<tex-math":[4,20,29,44,59,69,81,113,127],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$W$":[5,82],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[6,22,33,48,63,72,83,116,130],"be":[7,136],"a":[8,143,155,163,176,188,218,244],"binary-input":[9],"memoryless":[10],"symmetric":[11],"(BMS)":[12],"channel":[13,205],"with":[14,84,107,149,168],"Shannon":[15,172],"capacity":[16,132,153],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$I(W)$":[21],"and":[23,64,88],"fix":[24],"any":[25,38],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\alpha":[30],"&gt;":[31,46],"0$":[32,47],".":[34,117],"We":[35],"construct,":[36],"for":[37,181,202,248],"sufficiently":[39],"small":[40],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\delta":[45,128],",":[49],"binary":[50],"linear":[51,230],"codes":[52,101,186,193,231],"of":[53,99,146,157,171,190,221,242],"block":[54,108,159],"length":[55,109],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$O(1/\\delta":[60,114],"^{2+\\alpha":[61],"})$":[62],"rate":[65],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$I(W)-\\delta":[70],"$":[71,129],"that":[73,206],"enable":[74],"reliable":[75],"communication":[76],"on":[77,121,195,232],"quasi-linear":[85],"time":[86],"encoding":[87],"decoding.":[89,210],"Shannon\u2019s":[90,147],"noisy":[91,223],"coding":[92,224,250],"theorem":[93,148,225,238],"established":[94],"the":[95,122,158,169,182,209,215,222],"<italic":[96],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">existence</i>":[98],"such":[100,175],"(without":[102],"efficient":[103],"constructions":[104],"or":[105],"decoding)":[106],"^{2})$":[115],"This":[118,161],"quadratic":[119],"dependence":[120],"gap":[123],"to":[131,135,152],"is":[133,217],"known":[134,180],"best":[137],"possible.":[138],"Our":[139,185,236],"result":[140,177],"thus":[141],"yields":[142],"constructive":[144],"version":[145],"near-optimal":[150],"convergence":[151],"as":[154],"function":[156],"length.":[160],"resolves":[162],"central":[164],"theoretical":[165],"challenge":[166],"associated":[167],"attainment":[170],"capacity.":[173,255],"Previously":[174],"was":[178],"only":[179],"erasure":[183],"channel.":[184],"are":[187],"variant":[189],"Ar\u0131kan\u2019s":[191],"polar":[192],"based":[194],"multiple":[196],"carefully":[197],"constructed":[198],"local":[199],"kernels,":[200],"one":[201],"each":[203],"intermediate":[204],"arises":[207],"in":[208,214],"A":[211],"crucial":[212],"ingredient":[213],"analysis":[216],"strong":[219],"converse":[220,237],"when":[226],"communicating":[227],"using":[228],"random":[229,249],"arbitrary":[233],"BMS":[234],"channels.":[235],"shows":[239],"extreme":[240],"unpredictability":[241],"even":[243],"single":[245],"message":[246],"bit":[247],"at":[251],"rates":[252],"slightly":[253],"above":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
