{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3034796936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2021.3103206","title":"Fairness Under Feature Exemptions: Counterfactual and Observational Measures","display_name":"Fairness Under Feature Exemptions: Counterfactual and Observational Measures","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3034796936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2021.3103206","mag":"3034796936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2021.3103206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2021.3103206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07986","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035222388","display_name":"Sanghamitra Dutta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6500-2627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanghamitra Dutta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6500-2627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057045548","display_name":"Praveen Venkatesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-1506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140341","display_name":"Allen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpe7c52","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Praveen Venkatesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-1506","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140341"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030425946","display_name":"Piotr Mardziel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114312","display_name":"True (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/027b5pf36","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Mardziel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Truera, Redwood City, CA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Truera, Redwood City, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111177928","display_name":"Anupam Datta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9520-5196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anupam Datta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054746425","display_name":"Pulkit Grover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-7776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pulkit Grover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-7776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01079628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"10","first_page":"6675","last_page":"6710"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.8581354022026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.6211801171302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiom","display_name":"Axiom","score":0.6209686994552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6101592779159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.5617508888244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.5413011312484741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5165950059890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.5086349248886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.49005377292633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4689708948135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.4109612703323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.35640203952789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3234986662864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.27046459913253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24601894617080688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.18040496110916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.11218300461769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10328873991966248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.8581354022026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6211801171302795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.6209686994552612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6101592779159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5617508888244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5413011312484741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5165950059890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.5086349248886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.49005377292633057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4689708948135376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4109612703323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.35640203952789307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3234986662864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27046459913253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24601894617080688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.18040496110916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.11218300461769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10328873991966248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2021.3103206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2021.3103206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.07986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07986","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3034796936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.07986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2006.07986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2006.07986","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07986","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2996532833","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1704845","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5278758085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1350314","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5621993214","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-15-2-0277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":108,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1453222892","https://openalex.org/W1527744448","https://openalex.org/W1839657926","https://openalex.org/W1866114900","https://openalex.org/W1899852503","https://openalex.org/W1932088538","https://openalex.org/W1961345416","https://openalex.org/W1988368118","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2026019770","https://openalex.org/W2081988641","https://openalex.org/W2083685419","https://openalex.org/W2090026354","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2122882636","https://openalex.org/W2155982052","https://openalex.org/W2162670686","https://openalex.org/W2507358938","https://openalex.org/W2510508396","https://openalex.org/W2524301210","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2584805976","https://openalex.org/W2594311007","https://openalex.org/W2597603852","https://openalex.org/W2750585749","https://openalex.org/W2753338388","https://openalex.org/W2753845591","https://openalex.org/W2757959248","https://openalex.org/W2766939712","https://openalex.org/W2788651580","https://openalex.org/W2790025105","https://openalex.org/W2792934256","https://openalex.org/W2801890059","https://openalex.org/W2805454227","https://openalex.org/W2807523864","https://openalex.org/W2808546306","https://openalex.org/W2883389923","https://openalex.org/W2890407468","https://openalex.org/W2894096852","https://openalex.org/W2911423154","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2912986870","https://openalex.org/W2947204321","https://openalex.org/W2948130259","https://openalex.org/W2951637626","https://openalex.org/W2952750586","https://openalex.org/W2962751370","https://openalex.org/W2962977061","https://openalex.org/W2963174898","https://openalex.org/W2963327716","https://openalex.org/W2963453196","https://openalex.org/W2963483561","https://openalex.org/W2963742154","https://openalex.org/W2963803533","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2964060106","https://openalex.org/W2964261743","https://openalex.org/W2966201455","https://openalex.org/W2966417635","https://openalex.org/W2975512938","https://openalex.org/W2978481653","https://openalex.org/W2997892292","https://openalex.org/W2998261580","https://openalex.org/W3005040148","https://openalex.org/W3012949032","https://openalex.org/W3016227400","https://openalex.org/W3016796767","https://openalex.org/W3023001449","https://openalex.org/W3023309920","https://openalex.org/W3034658884","https://openalex.org/W3035088225","https://openalex.org/W3036207866","https://openalex.org/W3080361879","https://openalex.org/W3083393236","https://openalex.org/W3092143968","https://openalex.org/W3100944861","https://openalex.org/W3104924683","https://openalex.org/W3104997604","https://openalex.org/W3106076062","https://openalex.org/W3106459576","https://openalex.org/W3120740533","https://openalex.org/W3123374861","https://openalex.org/W3200120464","https://openalex.org/W4289751798","https://openalex.org/W6631549043","https://openalex.org/W6640571472","https://openalex.org/W6684072790","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6735632633","https://openalex.org/W6738844735","https://openalex.org/W6738870502","https://openalex.org/W6743875442","https://openalex.org/W6744110554","https://openalex.org/W6746225964","https://openalex.org/W6748039686","https://openalex.org/W6748377460","https://openalex.org/W6748650672","https://openalex.org/W6750391026","https://openalex.org/W6752075343","https://openalex.org/W6754853508","https://openalex.org/W6755565494","https://openalex.org/W6763290930","https://openalex.org/W6763499948","https://openalex.org/W6765161312","https://openalex.org/W6768617146","https://openalex.org/W7014198846"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964233345","https://openalex.org/W3125492671","https://openalex.org/W3101686649","https://openalex.org/W3160125849","https://openalex.org/W1907164012","https://openalex.org/W2041936205","https://openalex.org/W3125222688","https://openalex.org/W2972218626","https://openalex.org/W2002175118","https://openalex.org/W2735029652","https://openalex.org/W2409266277","https://openalex.org/W2787372842","https://openalex.org/W2903296057","https://openalex.org/W847709271","https://openalex.org/W3122404701","https://openalex.org/W2093473089","https://openalex.org/W3122001047","https://openalex.org/W3174123968","https://openalex.org/W1597835332","https://openalex.org/W2462840995"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,12,41,50,99,126,144,161,164,172,181,194,200,205,219,305],"growing":[2],"use":[3,51],"of":[4,16,43,52,143,163,209,218,222,239,246,259,264,270,277,298,304,324],"machine":[5],"learning":[6],"algorithms":[7],"in":[8,18,58,77,98],"highly":[9],"consequential":[10],"domains,":[11],"quantification":[13,148,267],"and":[14,175,213,274,315],"removal":[15,217],"disparity":[17,37,63,146,165,195,223,248,261,300],"decision":[19,100],"making":[20],"with":[21],"respect":[22],"to":[23,72,120,125,191,199,236,311,331],"protected":[24],"attributes,":[25],"such":[26,109],"as":[27,110,339,341],"gender,":[28],"race,":[29],"etc.,":[30],"is":[31,38,95,186],"becoming":[32],"increasingly":[33],"important.":[34],"While":[35],"quantifying":[36],"essential,":[39],"sometimes":[40],"needs":[42],"a":[44,59,79,83,86,91,139,156,237,275],"business":[45,206],"(e.g.,":[46],"hiring)":[47],"may":[48,89,117],"require":[49],"certain":[53],"features":[54,202],"that":[55,61,64,94,128,166,234,243,254,294,320],"are":[56],"critical":[57,92,173,201],"way":[60],"any":[62,244],"can":[65,301,335],"be":[66,73,90,118,168],"explained":[67],"by":[68,171],"them":[69],"might":[70],"need":[71],"exempted.":[74],"For":[75],"instance,":[76],"hiring":[78],"software":[80],"engineer":[81],"for":[82,170],"safety-critical":[84],"application,":[85],"coding-test":[87],"score":[88],"feature":[93],"weighed":[96],"strongly":[97],"even":[101],"if":[102,193,224],"it":[103,188],"introduces":[104],"disparity,":[105],"whereas":[106],"other":[107],"features,":[108,174],"name,":[111],"zip":[112],"code,":[113],"or":[114],"reference":[115],"letters":[116],"used":[119],"improve":[121],"decision-making,":[122],"but":[123],"only":[124,322],"extent":[127],"they":[129],"do":[130],"not":[131],"add":[132],"disparity.":[133,183,348],"In":[134],"this":[135,229],"work,":[136],"we":[137],"propose":[138],"novel":[140],"information-theoretic":[141],"decomposition":[142,185,230],"total":[145],"(a":[147],"inspired":[149],"from":[150,204,279],"counterfactual":[151,257],"fairness)":[152],"into":[153],"two":[154],"components:":[155],"non-exempt":[157,220,247,260,299,347],"component":[158,178,221],"which":[159,179,308],"quantifies":[160,180],"part":[162],"cannot":[167],"accounted":[169],"an":[176,290],"exempt":[177],"remaining":[182],"This":[184],"important:":[187],"allows":[189],"one":[190,334],"check":[192],"arose":[196],"purely":[197],"due":[198],"(inspired":[203],"necessity":[207],"defense":[208],"disparate":[210],"impact":[211],"law)":[212],"also":[214,288],"enables":[215],"selective":[216],"desired.":[225],"We":[226,251,287,327],"arrive":[227],"at":[228],"through":[231],"canonical":[232],"examples":[233],"lead":[235],"set":[238],"desirable":[240],"properties":[241],"(axioms)":[242],"measure":[245,258,297],"should":[249],"satisfy.":[250],"then":[252],"demonstrate":[253],"our":[255,313],"proposed":[256],"satisfies":[262],"all":[263,303],"them.":[265],"Our":[266],"bridges":[268],"ideas":[269],"causality,":[271],"Simpson's":[272],"paradox,":[273],"body":[276],"work":[278],"information":[280],"theory":[281],"called":[282],"Partial":[283],"Information":[284],"Decomposition":[285],"(PID).":[286],"obtain":[289],"impossibility":[291],"result":[292],"showing":[293],"no":[295],"observational":[296,318],"satisfy":[302,321],"desired":[306],"properties,":[307],"leads":[309],"us":[310],"relax":[312],"goals":[314],"examine":[316],"alternative":[317],"measures":[319],"some":[323],"these":[325],"properties.":[326],"perform":[328],"case":[329],"studies":[330],"show":[332],"how":[333],"audit":[336],"existing":[337],"models":[338,344],"well":[340],"train":[342],"new":[343],"while":[345],"reducing":[346]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}