{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2162753156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2017.2715187","title":"Physical-Layer Cryptography Through Massive MIMO","display_name":"Physical-Layer Cryptography Through Massive MIMO","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2162753156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2017.2715187","mag":"2162753156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2017.2715187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2017.2715187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.1861","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thomas R. Dean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9065-0784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas R. Dean","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrea J. Goldsmith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea J. Goldsmith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0449,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87238872,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"8","first_page":"5419","last_page":"5436"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.8443999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.8443999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.03420000150799751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.026499999687075615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.654699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.6481000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.5577999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-encryption","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetric-key-algorithm","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-source","display_name":"Communication source","score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lattice-reduction","display_name":"Lattice reduction","score":0.35260000824928284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.654699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.6481000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5792999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.5577999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4431000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54569210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246854","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","level":3,"score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65302260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327675","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","level":4,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44274781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497132","display_name":"Lattice reduction","level":4,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179145077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154130","display_name":"Communication complexity","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47750902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1557574","display_name":"Key size","level":4,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7646194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4818713","display_name":"Attribute-based encryption","level":4,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778281673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4972106","display_name":"Broadcast encryption","level":4,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184685986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505167","display_name":"Multiple encryption","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47191418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510462","display_name":"Information-theoretic security","level":3,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.2017.2715187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.2017.2715187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1310.1861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1310.1861","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.1861","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1310.1861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1310.1861","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1310.1861","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1739869781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0939370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4246297169","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-093937","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6244900323","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0939370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308782","display_name":"Hertz Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01ycgxf29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333063","display_name":"Stanford Bio-X","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2162753156.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2162753156.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W1495150862","https://openalex.org/W1499237070","https://openalex.org/W1516512945","https://openalex.org/W1572143270","https://openalex.org/W1818243338","https://openalex.org/W1870509456","https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W1994790157","https://openalex.org/W2002372750","https://openalex.org/W2037426925","https://openalex.org/W2038761522","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2046351805","https://openalex.org/W2050689197","https://openalex.org/W2052267638","https://openalex.org/W2058785578","https://openalex.org/W2061949491","https://openalex.org/W2077244027","https://openalex.org/W2096927504","https://openalex.org/W2108777864","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2111416661","https://openalex.org/W2134921495","https://openalex.org/W2138293524","https://openalex.org/W2141040012","https://openalex.org/W2144593761","https://openalex.org/W2146318236","https://openalex.org/W2151241472","https://openalex.org/W2152688060","https://openalex.org/W2152998462","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2163375015","https://openalex.org/W2169690324","https://openalex.org/W2912926260","https://openalex.org/W2962936571","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W4210300416","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4300349690","https://openalex.org/W6604527829","https://openalex.org/W6605963903","https://openalex.org/W6607747584","https://openalex.org/W6629542406","https://openalex.org/W6633192792","https://openalex.org/W6635520437","https://openalex.org/W6638031582","https://openalex.org/W6668387570","https://openalex.org/W6684501058"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,68],"propose":[1],"the":[2,19,38,61,71,75,104,115,129,165,170,173,183],"new":[3],"technique":[4],"of":[5,51,93,124,128,169,187],"physical-layer":[6],"cryptography":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9],"using":[10],"a":[11,16,66,120,155],"massive":[12,62,174],"MIMO":[13,63,76,175],"channel":[14],"as":[15,137],"key":[17],"between":[18],"sender":[20],"and":[21,35,99,139,158],"desired":[22,39],"receiver,":[23],"which":[24],"need":[25],"not":[26],"be":[27,92,149],"secret.":[28],"The":[29,54],"goal":[30],"is":[31,47,57,81],"for":[32,74,96,178],"low-complexity":[33,179],"encoding":[34],"decoding":[36,43,55],"by":[37,44,59,163],"transmitter-receiver":[40],"pair,":[41],"whereas":[42],"an":[45],"eavesdropper":[46],"hard":[48,112],"in":[49],"terms":[50],"prohibitive":[52],"complexity.":[53],"complexity":[56,95],"analyzed":[58],"mapping":[60],"system":[64,77,176],"to":[65,83,91,113,151],"lattice.":[67],"show":[69,144],"that":[70,88,107,127,145,190],"eavesdropper's":[72],"decoder":[73],"with":[78,182],"M-PAM":[79],"modulation":[80],"equivalent":[82],"solving":[84],"standard":[85,108],"lattice":[86,109],"problems":[87,110],"are":[89,111,191],"conjectured":[90],"exponential":[94],"both":[97],"classical":[98],"quantum":[100],"computers.":[101],"Hence,":[102],"under":[103],"widely-held":[105],"conjecture":[106],"solve,":[114],"proposed":[116],"encryption":[117,132,180,189],"scheme":[118,147],"has":[119],"more":[121],"robust":[122],"notion":[123],"security":[125],"than":[126],"most":[130,184],"common":[131],"methods":[133],"used":[134,150],"today":[135],"such":[136],"RSA":[138],"Diffie-Hellman.":[140],"In":[141],"addition,":[142],"we":[143],"this":[146],"could":[148],"securely":[152],"communicate":[153],"without":[154],"pre-shared":[156],"secret":[157],"little":[159],"computational":[160],"overhead.":[161],"Thus,":[162],"exploiting":[164],"physical":[166],"layer":[167],"properties":[168],"radio":[171],"channel,":[172],"provides":[177],"commensurate":[181],"sophisticated":[185],"forms":[186],"application-layer":[188],"currently":[192],"known.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
