{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139983529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1987.1057306","title":"Confidence intervals based on one or more observations","display_name":"Confidence intervals based on one or more observations","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139983529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1987.1057306","mag":"2139983529"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1987.1057306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1987.1057306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046866442","display_name":"Nelson M. Blachman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"N. Blachman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., WA, USA","Western Division, GTE Government Systems Corporation, Mountain View, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Division, GTE Government Systems Corporation, Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091756974","display_name":"Robert E. Machol","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342895125","display_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05q0y0j38","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282462722","https://openalex.org/I1342895125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Machol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal Aviation Administration, Washington D.C., DC, USA","Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal Aviation Administration, Washington D.C., DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342895125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046866442"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0314,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77045219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"3","first_page":"373","last_page":"382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.40299999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.40299999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-interval","display_name":"Confidence interval","score":0.4799366593360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4691171944141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4283912777900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3381543755531311}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4799366593360901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4691171944141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4283912777900696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3381543755531311}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1987.1057306","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1987.1057306","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1998134281","https://openalex.org/W2057034464","https://openalex.org/W2074466695","https://openalex.org/W4205110562","https://openalex.org/W4231447066"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2995364151","https://openalex.org/W797163146","https://openalex.org/W2068023914","https://openalex.org/W1899429405","https://openalex.org/W2401903608","https://openalex.org/W4221078923","https://openalex.org/W2066458123","https://openalex.org/W3005777437","https://openalex.org/W1578234703","https://openalex.org/W2084691705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"On":[0],"the":[1,12,23,26,49,61,69,116,139,161,168,179,200,216],"basis":[2],"of":[3,11,28,31,63,100,141,152,193,199],"<tex":[4,14,41,45,64,76,87,101,105,110,145,221],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[5,15,42,46,65,77,88,102,106,111,146,222],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n\\geq":[6],"2</tex>":[7],"observations,":[8],"confidence":[9,150,213],"limits":[10,214],"form":[13,33],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">X\u0304":[16],"\\pm":[17],"tS/":[18],"\\sqrt{n}</tex>":[19],"are":[20,48,120,126,134,155,218],"constructed":[21,219],"for":[22,68,80,104,115,160,215,220],"location":[24,36,170],"(e.g.,":[25],"median)":[27],"any":[29,81],"distribution":[30,85,202],"known":[32],"with":[34,113,128,171],"unknown":[35],"and":[37,44,52,71,109,125],"dispersion":[38,217],"(scale),":[39],"where":[40,149],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">X\u0304</tex>":[43],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">S</tex>":[47],"sample":[50],"mean":[51],"\"unbiased\"":[53],"standard":[54],"deviation.":[55],"Particular":[56],"attention":[57],"is":[58],"given":[59],"to":[60,137],"values":[62,99],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">t</tex>":[66,78,103],"needed":[67],"Cauchy":[70],"uniform":[72],"distributions.":[73],"The":[74],"latter":[75],"suffices":[79],"(unknown)":[82],"symmetric":[83],"unimodal":[84],"if":[86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">t":[89],"\\geq":[90,224],"n":[91],"-":[92],"1</tex>":[93,225],".":[94,226],"A":[95],"table":[96],"compares":[97],"these":[98,182],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n=2,3,4</tex>":[107],",":[108,148],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">5</tex>":[112],"those":[114,129],"normal":[117],"case,":[118],"which":[119],"derived":[121],"here":[122],"very":[123],"simply":[124],"identical":[127],"found":[130],"by":[131],"\"Student.\"":[132],"We":[133],"also":[135],"able":[136],"include":[138,167],"case":[140],"a":[142,185,190,207],"single":[143],"observation":[144],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">(n=1)</tex>":[147],"intervals":[151,183],"various":[153],"forms":[154],"made":[156],"just":[157],"wide":[158],"enough":[159],"least":[162,173],"favorable":[163],"dispersion.":[164],"They,":[165],"therefore,":[166],"true":[169],"at":[172],"but,":[174],"in":[175],"general,":[176],"not":[177],"exactly":[178],"desired":[180],"probability;":[181],"involve":[184],"predetermined":[186],"value":[187],"that":[188,198,203],"plays":[189],"role":[191],"reminiscent":[192],"but":[194],"quite":[195],"different":[196],"from":[197],"prior":[201],"would":[204],"enter":[205],"into":[206],"Bayesian":[208],"analysis.":[209],"In":[210],"addition,":[211],"upper":[212],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}