{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2119047110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1981.1056282","title":"Universal modeling and coding","display_name":"Universal modeling and coding","publication_year":1981,"publication_date":"1981-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2119047110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1981.1056282","mag":"2119047110"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1981.1056282","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1981.1056282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109212464","display_name":"J. Rissanen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Rissanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM, Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM, Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113690009","display_name":"Glen G. Langdon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Langdon","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM, Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM, Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.0266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":463,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99362886,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":"12","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alphabet","display_name":"Alphabet","score":0.6822634935379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.643398642539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.6010663509368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5774713754653931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5692744255065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic-coding","display_name":"Arithmetic coding","score":0.5350291728973389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.534646213054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-length-code","display_name":"Variable-length code","score":0.5029334425926208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"Information theory","score":0.4715300500392914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.45914387702941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.40167567133903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30592772364616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-adaptive-binary-arithmetic-coding","display_name":"Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding","score":0.21737030148506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.1469431221485138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12985959649085999}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112876837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837518","display_name":"Alphabet","level":2,"score":0.6822634935379028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.643398642539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.6010663509368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5774713754653931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5692744255065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153338461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2651","display_name":"Arithmetic coding","level":4,"score":0.5350291728973389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.534646213054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60603091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981616","display_name":"Variable-length code","level":3,"score":0.5029334425926208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.4715300500392914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.45914387702941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.40167567133903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30592772364616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175732694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128713","display_name":"Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding","level":3,"score":0.21737030148506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.1469431221485138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12985959649085999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1981.1056282","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1981.1056282","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W158805393","https://openalex.org/W1519253855","https://openalex.org/W2005097301","https://openalex.org/W2006384477","https://openalex.org/W2016927358","https://openalex.org/W2034323860","https://openalex.org/W2046419776","https://openalex.org/W2061192159","https://openalex.org/W2103206811","https://openalex.org/W2143603891","https://openalex.org/W2911940095"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2156106714","https://openalex.org/W4312628177","https://openalex.org/W4387527003","https://openalex.org/W2148686647","https://openalex.org/W2159091813","https://openalex.org/W2534861103","https://openalex.org/W1914492973","https://openalex.org/W2911993714","https://openalex.org/W1579872668","https://openalex.org/W2213686625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,15],"problems":[1],"arising":[2],"in":[3,98],"the":[4,25,44,65,101,105,109,113,120,123],"modeling":[5],"and":[6,23,30,32,92,119],"coding":[7,106],"of":[8,17,40,59,77,122],"strings":[9],"for":[10],"compression":[11],"purposes":[12],"are":[13,35,62,108],"discussed.":[14],"notion":[16],"an":[18],"information":[19],"source":[20,131],"that":[21,53,55,111],"simplifies":[22],"sharpens":[24],"traditional":[26],"one":[27],"is":[28,49,84,117,125],"axiomatized,":[29],"adaptive":[31],"nonadaptive":[33],"models":[34,54,67],"defined.":[36],"With":[37],"a":[38,46],"measure":[39],"complexity":[41],"assigned":[42],"to":[43,64],"models,":[45],"fundamental":[47],"theorem":[48],"proved":[50],"which":[51,86,93],"states":[52],"use":[56],"any":[57],"kind":[58],"alphabet":[60,70,89],"extension":[61,90],"inferior":[63],"best":[66,102],"using":[68],"no":[69,88],"extensions":[71],"at":[72],"all.":[73],"A":[74],"general":[75],"class":[76],"so-called":[78],"first-in":[79],"first-out":[80],"(FIFO)":[81],"arithmetic":[82],"codes":[83],"described":[85],"require":[87],"devices":[91],"therefore":[94],"can":[95],"be":[96],"used":[97],"conjunction":[99],"with":[100,128],"models.":[103,132],"Because":[104],"parameters":[107],"probabilities":[110],"define":[112],"model,":[114],"their":[115],"design":[116],"easy,":[118],"application":[121],"code":[124],"straightforward":[126],"even":[127],"adaptively":[129],"changing":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
