{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1991975669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1980.1056257","title":"Detection of quantum signals of random phase in thermal noise (Corresp.)","display_name":"Detection of quantum signals of random phase in thermal noise (Corresp.)","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1991975669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1980.1056257","mag":"1991975669"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1980.1056257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1980.1056257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020501623","display_name":"Carl W. Helstrom","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Helstrom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020501623"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85672083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"751","last_page":"755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11414","display_name":"Quantum optics and atomic interactions","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.6029322147369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5944225192070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5452755689620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.5265294313430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.514481782913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.5101259350776672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.502068281173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.47275978326797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.4713893532752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.46914616227149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4458235800266266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4363340139389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-states","display_name":"Coherent states","score":0.4241158962249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4189014434814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3845227360725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2824876308441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.27935999631881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.27926188707351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.26346856355667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2321753203868866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.21300381422042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1566426157951355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.6029322147369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5944225192070007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5452755689620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.5265294313430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.514481782913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.5101259350776672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.502068281173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.47275978326797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.4713893532752991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.46914616227149963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4458235800266266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4363340139389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152026323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032070","display_name":"Coherent states","level":3,"score":0.4241158962249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4189014434814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3845227360725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2824876308441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.27935999631881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.27926188707351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.26346856355667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2321753203868866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21300381422042847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1566426157951355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1980.1056257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1980.1056257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981057798","https://openalex.org/W1994327154","https://openalex.org/W2033364080","https://openalex.org/W2038851046","https://openalex.org/W2041731583","https://openalex.org/W2080840640","https://openalex.org/W2151276781","https://openalex.org/W2228259595","https://openalex.org/W2236352299","https://openalex.org/W2313278888","https://openalex.org/W4206028667"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2893341095","https://openalex.org/W4241043257","https://openalex.org/W1990418105","https://openalex.org/W1971430736","https://openalex.org/W4242391381","https://openalex.org/W1980528650","https://openalex.org/W4249885815","https://openalex.org/W3199393239","https://openalex.org/W1534282248","https://openalex.org/W2125835944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"the":[1,4,22,26,32,37,41,51,56,63,67,75,91],"phase":[2],"of":[3,25,40,55,58,62,66,79,93],"transmittance":[5],"between":[6],"a":[7,11],"unimodal":[8,12],"transmitter":[9],"and":[10,36],"receiver":[13],"is":[14,48,71],"uniformly":[15],"distributed":[16],"over":[17],"<tex":[18],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[19],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">(0,2\\pi)</tex>":[20],",":[21],"density":[23],"operator":[24],"received":[27,89],"signal":[28,42],"field":[29],"commutes":[30],"with":[31],"photon":[33],"number":[34,57],"operator,":[35],"optimum":[38],"detector":[39],"counts":[43],"photons.":[44],"A":[45],"simple":[46],"formula":[47],"given":[49],"for":[50],"probability":[52,78],"generating":[53],"function":[54],"photons":[59],"in":[60,90],"terms":[61],"quasi-probability":[64],"distribution":[65],"transmitted":[68],"signal.":[69],"It":[70],"used":[72],"to":[73],"determine":[74],"average":[76],"error":[77],"an":[80],"on-off":[81],"binary":[82],"communication":[83],"system":[84],"transmitting":[85],"two-photon":[86],"coherent-state":[87],"signals,":[88],"presence":[92],"thermal":[94],"noise.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
