{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2166430806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1972.1054846","title":"The effects of randomization on finite-memory decision schemes","display_name":"The effects of randomization on finite-memory decision schemes","publication_year":1972,"publication_date":"1972-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2166430806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1972.1054846","mag":"2166430806"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1972.1054846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1972.1054846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016990841","display_name":"Martin E. Hellman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Hellman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016990841"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7477,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9611479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"499","last_page":"502"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12056","display_name":"Markov Chains and Monte Carlo Methods","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12056","display_name":"Markov Chains and Monte Carlo Methods","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11152","display_name":"Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2610","display_name":"Mathematical Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5678273439407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomization","display_name":"Randomization","score":0.5487611293792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-theory","display_name":"Decision theory","score":0.444282203912735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3788025975227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3499986231327057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.34978169202804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32995927333831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2686525881290436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomized-controlled-trial","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","score":0.12085896730422974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5678273439407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204243189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363085","display_name":"Randomization","level":3,"score":0.5487611293792725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28901747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177571","display_name":"Decision theory","level":2,"score":0.444282203912735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3788025975227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3499986231327057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34978169202804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32995927333831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2686525881290436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.12085896730422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1972.1054846","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1972.1054846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575017126","https://openalex.org/W1969061574","https://openalex.org/W2015066428","https://openalex.org/W2032107647","https://openalex.org/W2035978814","https://openalex.org/W2068290805","https://openalex.org/W2751862591","https://openalex.org/W4301441647","https://openalex.org/W6634506789"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2520316949","https://openalex.org/W2544423928","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2120509628","https://openalex.org/W3215259711","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"is":[2,15,81],"concerned":[3],"with":[4,55],"the":[5,30,45,70],"differences":[6],"between":[7],"deterministic":[8,32,53,61,79],"and":[9],"randomized":[10,47],"finite-memory":[11],"decision":[12],"rules.":[13],"It":[14],"shown":[16],"that":[17],"for":[18,28,67],"any":[19],"hypothesis-testing":[20],"problem":[21],"there":[22],"exists":[23],"ab":[24],"&lt;":[25],"\\inftysuch":[26],"that,":[27],"anyB,":[29],"optimal":[31,46],"rule":[33,48],"withB":[34],"+":[35],"bbits":[36],"in":[37,50,75],"memory":[38],"has":[39],"a":[40],"lower":[41],"error":[42],"probability":[43],"than":[44],"withBbits":[49],"memory.":[51],"Suboptimal":[52],"rules":[54,62,80],"this":[56],"property":[57],"are":[58],"demonstrated.":[59],"These":[60],"lose":[63],"at":[64],"mostbbits.":[65],"Thus":[66],"large":[68],"memories":[69],"fraction":[71],"of":[72],"memory,":[73],"measured":[74],"bits,":[76],"lost":[77],"by":[78],"negligible.":[82]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
