{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067713303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1968.1054213","title":"Numerical optimization techniques applied to PPM signal design","display_name":"Numerical optimization techniques applied to PPM signal design","publication_year":1968,"publication_date":"1968-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067713303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1968.1054213","mag":"2067713303"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1968.1054213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1968.1054213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041943576","display_name":"R. McAulay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. McAulay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","MIT Lincoln Laboratories, Lexington, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Lincoln Laboratories, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041943576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.3716,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98467066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"708","last_page":"716"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autocorrelation","display_name":"Autocorrelation","score":0.8893982768058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6819607615470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.639155387878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.545613169670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5304903984069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5044249296188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.48835107684135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48591819405555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4778263568878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-position-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-position modulation","score":0.46397432684898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.45876118540763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.4333422780036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.41661956906318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4153411090373993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39773690700531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3889067471027374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.3068506717681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22436997294425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2149103581905365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","score":0.2143886387348175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14775970578193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.12352421879768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5297727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786970","display_name":"Autocorrelation","level":2,"score":0.8893982768058777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6819607615470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.639155387878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.545613169670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5304903984069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5044249296188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.48835107684135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48591819405555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4778263568878174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46035914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1767289","display_name":"Pulse-position modulation","level":5,"score":0.46397432684898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.45876118540763855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4333422780036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.41661956906318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4153411090373993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39773690700531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3889067471027374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.3068506717681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22436997294425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2149103581905365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186130","display_name":"Pulse-amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.2143886387348175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14775970578193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.12352421879768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1968.1054213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1968.1054213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W283036238","https://openalex.org/W1577906631","https://openalex.org/W1996647346","https://openalex.org/W2004905503","https://openalex.org/W2037366774","https://openalex.org/W2067713303","https://openalex.org/W2094767747","https://openalex.org/W2109804402","https://openalex.org/W4244223503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005160559","https://openalex.org/W2347830871","https://openalex.org/W1827130584","https://openalex.org/W3207481136","https://openalex.org/W2920051896","https://openalex.org/W2040391041","https://openalex.org/W2389243660","https://openalex.org/W4283214144","https://openalex.org/W2321766639","https://openalex.org/W2049863527"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"computer-oriented":[1],"algorithm":[2],"is":[3,37,59,99,102,112],"developed":[4],"for":[5,9,82],"designing":[6],"optimum":[7,54],"waveforms":[8],"a":[10,83,105],"pulse-position-modulation":[11],"communication":[12],"system.":[13],"Nonlinear":[14],"modulation":[15],"threshold":[16],"effects":[17],"are":[18,74,86],"incorporated":[19],"directly":[20],"into":[21],"the":[22,28,32,40,60,66,71,76,89,93,109,119,122],"design":[23],"by":[24],"introducing":[25,92],"constraints":[26,45,98],"on":[27,46],"sidelobe":[29,72,110],"peaks":[30,73,111],"of":[31,42,91,121],"autocorrelation":[33,63],"function.":[34],"The":[35,53],"search":[36],"performed":[38],"over":[39],"class":[41,58],"signals":[43],"satisfying":[44],"average":[47],"power,":[48,50],"peak":[49,69,96],"and":[51,88,95],"bandwidth.":[52],"signal":[55],"in":[56,108,118],"this":[57],"one":[61],"whose":[62],"function":[64],"has":[65],"sharpest":[67],"central":[68,123],"while":[70],"below":[75],"specified":[77],"constraint":[78],"level.":[79],"Numerical":[80],"results":[81],"realistic":[84],"problem":[85],"presented,":[87],"effect":[90],"correlation":[94],"power":[97],"studied.":[100],"It":[101],"shown":[103],"that":[104],"large":[106],"reduction":[107],"possible":[113],"with":[114],"relatively":[115],"little":[116],"loss":[117],"sharpness":[120],"peak.":[124]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
