{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2124479173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1956.1056813","title":"Three models for the description of language","display_name":"Three models for the description of language","publication_year":1956,"publication_date":"1956-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2124479173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1956.1056813","mag":"2124479173"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1956.1056813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1956.1056813","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072532913","display_name":"Noam Chomsky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"N. Chomsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Modern Languages and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","[Department of Modern Languages and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Modern Languages and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Modern Languages and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072532913"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":35.1152,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2774,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99541752,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"113","last_page":"124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6746013164520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase-structure-rules","display_name":"Phrase structure rules","score":0.6743462085723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.6457920670509338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase-structure-grammar","display_name":"Phrase structure grammar","score":0.5956639051437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phrase","display_name":"Phrase","score":0.5825387835502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5758607983589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5615973472595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-phrase-structure-grammar","display_name":"Generalized phrase structure grammar","score":0.499570369720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.48581814765930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.46698328852653503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.43196651339530945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state","display_name":"Finite state","score":0.4268551170825958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.41342583298683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.41293513774871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.28089022636413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergent-grammar","display_name":"Emergent grammar","score":0.21335414052009583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.20131611824035645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17901700735092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-grammar","display_name":"Context-free grammar","score":0.16906386613845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-grammar","display_name":"Relational grammar","score":0.13326644897460938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6746013164520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80877019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7188074","display_name":"Phrase structure rules","level":3,"score":0.6743462085723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.6457920670509338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29184939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134367","display_name":"Phrase structure grammar","level":4,"score":0.5956639051437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.5825387835502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5758607983589172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5615973472595215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191563868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427416","display_name":"Generalized phrase structure grammar","level":5,"score":0.499570369720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.48581814765930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.46698328852653503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.43196651339530945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983497884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite state","level":3,"score":0.4268551170825958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.41342583298683167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.41293513774871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.28089022636413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69298649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6045214","display_name":"Emergent grammar","level":3,"score":0.21335414052009583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.20131611824035645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17901700735092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97212296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338047","display_name":"Context-free grammar","level":3,"score":0.16906386613845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61577278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11655557","display_name":"Relational grammar","level":4,"score":0.13326644897460938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1956.1056813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1956.1056813","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2588845998","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W4247625053"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583331654","https://openalex.org/W2094679534","https://openalex.org/W1035508338","https://openalex.org/W334507314","https://openalex.org/W1530256094","https://openalex.org/W3039176775","https://openalex.org/W2043773153","https://openalex.org/W157000647","https://openalex.org/W2762242482","https://openalex.org/W599063720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,30,87,134],"investigate":[1],"several":[2],"conceptions":[3],"of":[4,22,25,56,83,90,117,131,139,142,164,175,189,206,218],"linguistic":[5,207],"structure":[6,150,182,208],"to":[7,44,67,79,127,186],"determine":[8],"whether":[9],"or":[10],"not":[11,70],"they":[12],"can":[13,46],"provide":[14],"simple":[15,132,190],"and":[16,27,93,202,216],"\"revealing\"":[17],"grammars":[18,161],"that":[19,32,37,59,95,145,159,172,203],"generate":[20],"all":[21,194],"the":[23,53,81,136,165,173,214],"sentences":[24,147,153,191,196],"English":[26,50,68,85,176],"only":[28,124],"these.":[29],"find":[31],"no":[33],"finite-state":[34,118],"Markov":[35],"process":[36],"produces":[38],"symbols":[39],"with":[40,73,148,154],"transition":[41],"from":[42,192],"state":[43,45],"serve":[47],"as":[48,112,169],"an":[49,84],"grammar.":[51,86],"Furthermore,":[52],"particular":[54],"subclass":[55],"such":[57],"processes":[58,163],"produce":[60],"<tex":[61,75],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[62,76],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n</tex>":[63,77],"-order":[64],"statistical":[65],"approximations":[66],"do":[69],"come":[71],"closer,":[72],"increasing":[74],",":[78],"matching":[80],"output":[82],"formalize-the":[88],"notions":[89],"\"phrase":[91],"structure\"":[92],"show":[94],"this":[96,204],"gives":[97,209],"us":[98],"a":[99,113,128,140,187,210],"method":[100],"for":[101],"describing":[102],"language":[103],"which":[104,193],"is":[105,122,177,184],"essentially":[106],"more":[107],"powerful,":[108],"though":[109],"still":[110],"representable":[111],"rather":[114],"elementary":[115,167],"type":[116,168],"process.":[119],"Nevertheless,":[120],"it":[121],"successful":[123],"when":[125],"limited":[126,185],"small":[129],"subset":[130],"sentences.":[133],"study":[135],"formal":[137],"properties":[138],"set":[141],"grammatical":[143],"transformations":[144],"carry":[146],"phrase":[149,156,181],"into":[151,213],"new":[152],"derived":[155],"structure,":[157],"showing":[158],"transformational":[160],"are":[162,197],"same":[166],"phrase-structure":[170],"grammars;":[171],"grammar":[174],"materially":[178],"simplified":[179],"if":[180],"description":[183],"kernel":[188],"other":[195],"constructed":[198],"by":[199],"repeated":[200],"transformations;":[201],"view":[205],"certain":[211],"insight":[212],"use":[215],"understanding":[217],"language.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":147},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":129},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":164},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":127},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":98},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":129},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":93},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":141},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":122},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":149},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":119}],"updated_date":"2026-04-30T09:15:22.047038","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
