{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105476190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1956.1056779","title":"Some optimal signals for time measurement","display_name":"Some optimal signals for time measurement","publication_year":1956,"publication_date":"1956-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105476190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1956.1056779","mag":"2105476190"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1956.1056779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1956.1056779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002423701","display_name":"Herbert Sherman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5067-6215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"H. Sherman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002423701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9444,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8124027,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"24","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9828000068664551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.6175844669342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5766623616218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5069413781166077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.48797863721847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.48096218705177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4710409939289093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermodulation","display_name":"Intermodulation","score":0.4648856818675995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.43077489733695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21190807223320007}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6175844669342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5766623616218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5069413781166077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.48797863721847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.48096218705177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4710409939289093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11773624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142232","display_name":"Intermodulation","level":4,"score":0.4648856818675995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.43077489733695984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21190807223320007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tit.1956.1056779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tit.1956.1056779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4502562","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","issn_l":"0018-9448","issn":["0018-9448","1557-9654"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2080153804","https://openalex.org/W2324447404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147869365","https://openalex.org/W1977117755","https://openalex.org/W2533026854","https://openalex.org/W4224285256","https://openalex.org/W2031784838","https://openalex.org/W4251369873","https://openalex.org/W2016026853","https://openalex.org/W2122957907","https://openalex.org/W1640309850","https://openalex.org/W1989549882"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Some":[0,51],"optimal":[1],"transmitted":[2],"signals":[3,28,157],"are":[4,29,39,49,59,103,113,158],"given":[5,114],"for":[6,115],"communications":[7],"systems":[8],"in":[9,20,34,43,111,137,160],"which":[10,35,44,138],"the":[11,21,68,78,84,91,161],"time":[12],"of":[13,15,23,30,67,83,122,149,163,168],"occurrence":[14],"a":[16,133,184],"signal":[17,37,47,71,87],"is":[18,125,130,178],"desired":[19],"presence":[22],"additive":[24],"Gaussian":[25],"noise.":[26],"These":[27],"two":[31],"classes;":[32],"those":[33,42],"bipolar":[36,52],"excursions":[38,48,66,82],"permitted":[40],"and":[41,80,107,151,154,176,181],"only":[45,100],"unipolar":[46,101],"permissible.":[50],"codes":[53,102,109,124,153,171],"used":[54],"by":[55,172],"R.":[56],"H.":[57],"Barker":[58],"supplemented":[60],"when":[61],"conditions":[62],"permit":[63],"unlimited":[64],"negative":[65,81],"optimally":[69,85,155],"correlated":[70,86,156],"output.":[72],"Other":[73],"constraints,":[74],"such":[75,123,170],"as":[76,183],"limiting":[77],"positive":[79],"output,":[88],"except":[89],"at":[90],"proper":[92],"phase,":[93],"will":[94],"lead":[95],"to":[96,132],"different":[97],"codes.":[98,165],"When":[99],"permitted,":[104],"optimum":[105],"repetitive":[106],"nonrepetitive":[108],"(embedded":[110],"zeros)":[112],"various":[116],"code":[117],"lengths.":[118],"The":[119,145,166],"minimum":[120],"length":[121],"given.":[126],"A":[127],"mathematical":[128],"resemblance":[129],"indicated":[131],"frequency":[134],"allocation":[135],"problem":[136,167],"third-order":[139],"intermodulation":[140],"products":[141],"must":[142],"be":[143],"avoided.":[144],"closely":[146],"related":[147],"concepts":[148],"error-detecting":[150],"correcting":[152],"illustrated":[159],"derivation":[162],"these":[164],"generating":[169],"other":[173],"than":[174],"trial":[175],"error":[177],"not":[179],"solved":[180],"remains":[182],"provocative":[185],"problem.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
