{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165755628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2026.3705155","title":"Foundation Model-Based Zero-Shot Tissue Segmentation of Pathological Images via the Mixture of Local-to-Global Experts","display_name":"Foundation Model-Based Zero-Shot Tissue Segmentation of Pathological Images via the Mixture of Local-to-Global Experts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165755628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2026.3705155","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42340907"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2026.3705155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2026.3705155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139239971","display_name":"Yunfeng Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfeng Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139243096","display_name":"Jingtian Yuan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122217","display_name":"Irkutsk National Research Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zzkcm34","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122217"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingtian Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baikal School of BRICS, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baikal School of BRICS, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122217"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101699121","display_name":"Jiao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1567-324X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1567-324X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077395936","display_name":"Peng Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6094-7250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6094-7250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043777246","display_name":"Liang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-4802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-4802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060513618","display_name":"Jianpeng Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-5541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianpeng Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018821033","display_name":"Daoqiang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5658-7643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daoqiang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5658-7643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107808148","display_name":"Wei Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-7245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence and the Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69882047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":null,"first_page":"6946","last_page":"6961"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.328000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.328000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.15240000188350677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.03449999913573265,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6089000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.6039000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4968999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foundation","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3529999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7427999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6122999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6089000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6074000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.6039000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4968999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185568154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530242","display_name":"Mathematical morphology","level":4,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2026.3705155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2026.3705155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42340907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42340907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1261530336","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2134151650","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFF1204803","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7869937607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62136004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8386303559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276130","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040414046","https://openalex.org/W2135967573","https://openalex.org/W2344654247","https://openalex.org/W2550409828","https://openalex.org/W2794284562","https://openalex.org/W2796207838","https://openalex.org/W2796409016","https://openalex.org/W2910453440","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921357516","https://openalex.org/W2922239620","https://openalex.org/W2924485953","https://openalex.org/W2948475969","https://openalex.org/W2952846726","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963499153","https://openalex.org/W2964282006","https://openalex.org/W2975180264","https://openalex.org/W2982805640","https://openalex.org/W3049293589","https://openalex.org/W3094977690","https://openalex.org/W3109246949","https://openalex.org/W3185157984","https://openalex.org/W4214547251","https://openalex.org/W4221163766","https://openalex.org/W4284896676","https://openalex.org/W4292387600","https://openalex.org/W4308421636","https://openalex.org/W4312935996","https://openalex.org/W4312960937","https://openalex.org/W4361801149","https://openalex.org/W4379031952","https://openalex.org/W4385573131","https://openalex.org/W4385948838","https://openalex.org/W4386075882","https://openalex.org/W4386566421","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4392947521","https://openalex.org/W4392947532","https://openalex.org/W4393145175","https://openalex.org/W4396773640","https://openalex.org/W4399264084","https://openalex.org/W4399701143","https://openalex.org/W4401751299","https://openalex.org/W4402218353","https://openalex.org/W4402275786","https://openalex.org/W4402716193","https://openalex.org/W4402916510","https://openalex.org/W4403608238","https://openalex.org/W4403649753","https://openalex.org/W4407450585","https://openalex.org/W4407800699","https://openalex.org/W4408249748","https://openalex.org/W4408995091","https://openalex.org/W4409293770","https://openalex.org/W4409560155","https://openalex.org/W4411863962","https://openalex.org/W4412488027","https://openalex.org/W4413145943","https://openalex.org/W4413344259","https://openalex.org/W4414619401","https://openalex.org/W7128478914","https://openalex.org/W7130581269","https://openalex.org/W7137877911"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tissue":[0],"segmentation":[1,49,218],"in":[2],"pathological":[3,152],"images":[4,153],"plays":[5],"a":[6,66,202],"crucial":[7],"role":[8],"for":[9,34,83,107,216],"the":[10,20,35,43,46,61,105,119,140,151,178,197,209,213,233,237],"diagnosis":[11],"and":[12,86,110,134,168,222,232,245],"prognosis":[13],"of":[14,22,45,143,157,162,164,170,239],"human":[15],"cancers.":[16],"However,":[17],"due":[18],"to":[19,28,51,79,103,118,123,188,207,212],"complexity":[21],"tumor":[23],"micro-environment,":[24],"it":[25],"is":[26,205],"difficult":[27],"annotate":[29],"all":[30],"tissue":[31,39,48,53,88,112,145,217,247],"types":[32,54,89],"especially":[33],"categories":[36,146],"with":[37,55],"small":[38],"proportions,":[40],"which":[41],"limits":[42],"ability":[44],"traditional":[47],"models":[50],"these":[52],"zero":[56],"training":[57],"samples.":[58],"To":[59],"address":[60],"above":[62],"issues,":[63],"we":[64,96],"present":[65],"novel":[67],"architecture,":[68],"ZSPMLG,":[69],"that":[70,128,139,181],"relies":[71],"on":[72,91,219,229,242],"pathology":[73],"vision-language":[74],"foundation":[75],"model":[76,101],"(i.e.,":[77],"CONCH)":[78],"learn":[80],"pixel-wise":[81],"classifiers":[82],"both":[84,108,132,220,243],"seen":[85,109,221,244],"unseen":[87,111,223,246],"based":[90],"their":[92,125],"text":[93,121],"descriptions.":[94],"Specifically,":[95],"firstly":[97],"apply":[98],"large":[99],"language":[100],"(LLM)":[102],"generate":[104],"descriptions":[106,142],"categories,":[113],"followed":[114],"by":[115,131],"feeding":[116],"them":[117],"CONCH":[120],"encoder":[122],"acquire":[124],"corresponding":[126],"prototypes":[127],"are":[129],"shared":[130],"vision":[133],"semantic":[135],"space.":[136],"By":[137],"considering":[138],"textual":[141],"specific":[144],"can":[147,182],"be":[148],"observed":[149],"from":[150],"at":[154,195],"different":[155],"scales":[156],"magnification,":[158],"our":[159,227,240],"ZSPMLG":[160],"consists":[161],"Mixture":[163,169],"Local":[165],"Experts":[166,172],"(MoLE)":[167],"Global":[171],"(MoGE)":[173],"modules,":[174],"where":[175],"MoLE":[176],"performs":[177],"specialized":[179],"decoding":[180],"map":[183,208],"individual":[184],"scale":[185],"patch-level":[186],"representation":[187,211],"dense":[189],"pixel-level":[190,210],"representation,":[191],"while":[192],"MoGE":[193],"aims":[194],"fusing":[196],"multi-scale":[198],"representations":[199],"together.":[200],"Finally,":[201],"convolutional":[203],"layer":[204],"designed":[206],"category":[214],"prototype":[215],"categories.":[224,248],"We":[225],"evaluate":[226],"method":[228,241],"three":[230],"datasets":[231],"experimental":[234],"results":[235],"demonstrate":[236],"superiority":[238]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-13T07:04:57.449891","created_date":"2026-06-25T00:00:00"}