{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387951721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3326396","title":"Infrared Small and Dim Target Detection With Transformer Under Complex Backgrounds","display_name":"Infrared Small and Dim Target Detection With Transformer Under Complex Backgrounds","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387951721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3326396","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37883292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2023.3326396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3326396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102894859","display_name":"Fangcen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1845-9907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangcen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","Chongqing Key Laboratory of Signal and Information Processing, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1845-9907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Signal and Information Processing, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021881939","display_name":"Chenqiang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-4148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenqiang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","Chongqing Key Laboratory of Signal and Information Processing, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-4148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Signal and Information Processing, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400042","display_name":"Fang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4899-8474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156087764","display_name":"University of California, Merced","ror":"https://ror.org/00d9ah105","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and the Computer Science Department, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4899-8474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and the Computer Science Department, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156087764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091017287","display_name":"Deyu Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-8283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deyu Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi\u2019an, China","Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-8283","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636655","display_name":"Wangmeng Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3330-783X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161462","display_name":"Heilongjiang Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05x0m9n95","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161462"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wangmeng Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Techonlogy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3330-783X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161462","https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Techonlogy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161462"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785348","display_name":"Xinbo Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-0037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinbo Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","Chongqing Key Laboratory of Signal and Information Processing, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-0037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Signal and Information Processing, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":89.6805,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":130,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99962306,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":null,"first_page":"5921","last_page":"5932"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7458561658859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7185872793197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.684903621673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6364856958389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.552638053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"Locality","score":0.5179637670516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4933866560459137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.44889596104621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.42354536056518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4202280044555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.41203588247299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38948488235473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0909978449344635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7458561658859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7185872793197632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.684903621673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6364856958389282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.552638053894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.5179637670516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4933866560459137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.44889596104621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.42354536056518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4202280044555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.41203588247299194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38948488235473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0909978449344635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2023.3326396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3326396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37883292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37883292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2928503719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CYB22249","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335872","funder_display_name":"Chongqing Graduate Student Research Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4297946667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2096","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5184008313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62176035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7200005953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJZD-K202100606","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324805","funder_display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8021425888","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12226004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324805","display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/031nm5713"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335872","display_name":"Chongqing Graduate Student Research Innovation Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1992873714","https://openalex.org/W2058928435","https://openalex.org/W2061208604","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2134789565","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2338318173","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2344310038","https://openalex.org/W2407220925","https://openalex.org/W2472688184","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2734434825","https://openalex.org/W2768489488","https://openalex.org/W2770868881","https://openalex.org/W2780677785","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2900684139","https://openalex.org/W2947066337","https://openalex.org/W2947125416","https://openalex.org/W2950740535","https://openalex.org/W2969331247","https://openalex.org/W2986554926","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W2998409107","https://openalex.org/W2999295839","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3014054456","https://openalex.org/W3034512672","https://openalex.org/W3046064342","https://openalex.org/W3048644861","https://openalex.org/W3084874487","https://openalex.org/W3086144474","https://openalex.org/W3088317060","https://openalex.org/W3092462694","https://openalex.org/W3093164896","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3097913527","https://openalex.org/W3098726713","https://openalex.org/W3106753828","https://openalex.org/W3112389165","https://openalex.org/W3113124545","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3124866053","https://openalex.org/W3125738281","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3137278571","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3165924482","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3174320978","https://openalex.org/W3174377922","https://openalex.org/W3176590546","https://openalex.org/W3183676354","https://openalex.org/W3194894013","https://openalex.org/W3209614959","https://openalex.org/W3211571144","https://openalex.org/W4302603755","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6772525498","https://openalex.org/W6778485988","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6790275670","https://openalex.org/W6803626902"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W1482209366","https://openalex.org/W3131016912"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"infrared":[1,16,27,86,106],"small":[2],"and":[3,18,51,104,204,213],"dim":[4],"(S&D)":[5],"target":[6,50,87,108,158],"detection":[7,90,109,181],"is":[8,53],"one":[9],"of":[10,68,84,119,126,144,156,174,197],"the":[11,15,22,32,36,46,49,66,74,81,85,89,112,116,120,124,154,157,165,180,194,198,205],"key":[12],"techniques":[13],"in":[14,41,129],"search":[17],"tracking":[19],"system.":[20],"Since":[21],"local":[23],"regions":[24],"similar":[25],"to":[26,44,76,94,122,140,147,152,170],"S&D":[28,82,107,145,175],"targets":[29,146],"spread":[30],"over":[31,201],"whole":[33],"background,":[34],"exploring":[35],"correlation":[37,125],"amongst":[38],"image":[39,127],"features":[40,128,143],"large-range":[42,78],"dependencies":[43],"mine":[45],"difference":[47],"between":[48],"background":[52],"crucial":[54],"for":[55],"robust":[56,103],"detection.":[57,96],"However,":[58],"existing":[59],"deep":[60],"learning-based":[61],"methods":[62],"are":[63],"limited":[64],"by":[65,183],"locality":[67],"convolutional":[69],"neural":[70],"networks,":[71],"which":[72],"impairs":[73],"ability":[75,212],"capture":[77],"dependencies.":[79],"Additionally,":[80],"appearance":[83],"makes":[88],"model":[91],"highly":[92],"possible":[93],"miss":[95],"To":[97],"this":[98],"end,":[99],"we":[100,134,160,178],"propose":[101],"a":[102,130,136,162,184,209],"general":[105],"method":[110,200,207],"with":[111,164],"transformer.":[113],"We":[114],"adopt":[115,161],"self-attention":[117],"mechanism":[118],"transformer":[121],"learn":[123,141],"larger":[131],"range.":[132],"Moreover,":[133],"design":[135],"feature":[137],"enhancement":[138],"module":[139],"discriminative":[142],"avoid":[148,153],"miss-detections.":[149],"After":[150],"that,":[151],"loss":[155],"information,":[159],"decoder":[163],"U-Net-like":[166],"skip":[167],"connection":[168],"operation":[169],"contain":[171],"more":[172],"information":[173],"targets.":[176],"Finally,":[177],"get":[179],"result":[182],"segmentation":[185],"head.":[186],"Extensive":[187],"experiments":[188],"on":[189],"two":[190],"public":[191],"datasets":[192],"show":[193],"obvious":[195],"superiority":[196],"proposed":[199,206],"state-of-the-art":[202],"methods,":[203],"has":[208],"stronger":[210],"generalization":[211],"better":[214],"noise":[215],"tolerance.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}