{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4378804909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3279977","title":"HIPA: Hierarchical Patch Transformer for Single Image Super Resolution","display_name":"HIPA: Hierarchical Patch Transformer for Single Image Super Resolution","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4378804909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3279977","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37256801"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2023.3279977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3279977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102932400","display_name":"Qing Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-6156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qing Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108429353","display_name":"Yiming Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7819-9107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiming Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada","Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100753458","display_name":"Jinxing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5156-0305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinxing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085254957","display_name":"Jun Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1989-1360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18452120","display_name":"Yantai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rp41m56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong","School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18452120"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081300658","display_name":"Yee\u2010Hong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7194-3327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yee-Hong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029102289","display_name":"Feng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-0509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325058","display_name":"David Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5027-5286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104064","display_name":"Shenzhen Academy of Robotics","ror":"https://ror.org/01h027j09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104064"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116924","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen","ror":"https://ror.org/02d5ks197","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","CUHK(SZ)-Linklogis Joint Laboratory of Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104064"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CUHK(SZ)-Linklogis Joint Laboratory of Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102932400"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5556,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98179208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":null,"first_page":"3226","last_page":"3237"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7582785487174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5764394998550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5338692665100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5073227286338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3833763599395752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7582785487174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5764394998550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5338692665100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5073227286338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3833763599395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2023.3279977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3279977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37256801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37256801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3298737857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G333909914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61906162","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8554603392","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172347","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8882600575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020QF031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322942","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331102","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560941629","https://openalex.org/W1791560514","https://openalex.org/W1930824406","https://openalex.org/W1992408872","https://openalex.org/W2047920195","https://openalex.org/W2121927366","https://openalex.org/W2157190232","https://openalex.org/W2192954843","https://openalex.org/W2239879258","https://openalex.org/W2242218935","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2503339013","https://openalex.org/W2559264300","https://openalex.org/W2613155248","https://openalex.org/W2741137940","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2866634454","https://openalex.org/W2891158090","https://openalex.org/W2895598217","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2950217418","https://openalex.org/W2954930822","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2963610452","https://openalex.org/W2963729050","https://openalex.org/W2964101377","https://openalex.org/W2964277374","https://openalex.org/W2982470081","https://openalex.org/W2983315964","https://openalex.org/W2983339877","https://openalex.org/W2997884640","https://openalex.org/W3033197276","https://openalex.org/W3034247386","https://openalex.org/W3034504121","https://openalex.org/W3035022492","https://openalex.org/W3035280441","https://openalex.org/W3035302306","https://openalex.org/W3035467803","https://openalex.org/W3036433012","https://openalex.org/W3038857985","https://openalex.org/W3093127150","https://openalex.org/W3096739052","https://openalex.org/W3101659800","https://openalex.org/W3127896596","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3139049060","https://openalex.org/W3157528469","https://openalex.org/W3157684158","https://openalex.org/W3169612303","https://openalex.org/W3171125843","https://openalex.org/W3174531399","https://openalex.org/W3179253672","https://openalex.org/W3180096781","https://openalex.org/W3185318678","https://openalex.org/W3201414140","https://openalex.org/W3202310860","https://openalex.org/W3207918547","https://openalex.org/W4210562387","https://openalex.org/W4214824195","https://openalex.org/W4221147148","https://openalex.org/W4225576932","https://openalex.org/W4283687192","https://openalex.org/W4287020683","https://openalex.org/W4292829111","https://openalex.org/W4312233661","https://openalex.org/W4312812783","https://openalex.org/W4320900861","https://openalex.org/W4362683589","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6638194035","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6750615492","https://openalex.org/W6754405603","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6758681311","https://openalex.org/W6779023426","https://openalex.org/W6779778204","https://openalex.org/W6780136151","https://openalex.org/W6782282802","https://openalex.org/W6792695861","https://openalex.org/W6794345597","https://openalex.org/W6796568838"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformer-based":[0,20],"architectures":[1],"start":[2,112],"to":[3,123,180,197,205,218],"emerge":[4],"in":[5,107],"single":[6],"image":[7,90,106,150],"super":[8],"resolution":[9,89],"(SISR)":[10],"and":[11,55,65,119,162,246,253],"have":[12,24],"achieved":[13],"promising":[14],"performance.":[15],"However,":[16],"most":[17],"existing":[18],"vision":[19],"SISR":[21],"methods":[22,244],"still":[23],"two":[25],"shortcomings:":[26],"(1)":[27],"they":[28],"divide":[29],"images":[30],"into":[31],"the":[32,68,87,125,182,202,220,235,239,256],"same":[33],"number":[34],"of":[35,52,238],"patches":[36,48],"with":[37,49,113,115,159],"a":[38,75,80,92,99,129,154,163,170,213],"fixed":[39],"size,":[40],"which":[41,77,186,200],"may":[42],"not":[43,133],"be":[44,189],"optimal":[45],"for":[46,79,148,157,166,176],"restoring":[47],"different":[50,149,195,198,225],"levels":[51],"texture":[53],"richness;":[54],"(2)":[56],"their":[57],"position":[58,173],"encodings":[59],"treat":[60],"all":[61],"input":[62,105],"tokens":[63,114,187],"equally":[64],"hence,":[66],"neglect":[67],"dependencies":[69],"among":[70],"them.":[71],"This":[72],"paper":[73,257],"presents":[74],"HIPA,":[76],"stands":[78],"novel":[81],"Transformer":[82,177],"architecture":[83],"that":[84,102],"progressively":[85],"recovers":[86],"high":[88],"using":[91,153],"hierarchical":[93,130],"patch":[94,117,131,156,165],"partition.":[95],"Specifically,":[96],"we":[97,111,210],"build":[98],"cascaded":[100],"model":[101],"processes":[103],"an":[104],"multiple":[108,140],"stages,":[109],"where":[110],"small":[116],"sizes":[118],"gradually":[120],"merge":[121],"them":[122],"form":[124],"full":[126],"resolution.":[127],"Such":[128],"mechanism":[132],"only":[134],"explicitly":[135],"enables":[136],"feature":[137],"aggregation":[138],"at":[139],"resolutions":[141],"but":[142],"also":[143,211],"adaptively":[144],"learns":[145],"patch-aware":[146],"features":[147],"regions,":[151],"e.g.,":[152],"smaller":[155],"areas":[158],"fine":[160],"details":[161],"larger":[164],"textureless":[167],"regions.":[168],"Meanwhile,":[169],"new":[171],"attention-based":[172],"encoding":[174],"scheme":[175],"is":[178,201,258],"proposed":[179,240],"let":[181],"network":[183],"focus":[184],"on":[185,230],"should":[188],"paid":[190],"more":[191],"attention":[192,216],"by":[193],"assigning":[194],"weights":[196],"tokens,":[199],"first":[203],"time":[204],"our":[206,251],"best":[207],"knowledge.":[208],"Furthermore,":[209],"propose":[212],"multi-receptive":[214],"field":[215,223],"module":[217],"enlarge":[219],"convolution":[221],"receptive":[222],"from":[224],"branches.":[226],"The":[227],"experimental":[228],"results":[229],"several":[231],"public":[232],"datasets":[233],"demonstrate":[234],"superior":[236],"performance":[237],"HIPA":[241],"over":[242],"previous":[243],"quantitatively":[245],"qualitatively.":[247],"We":[248],"will":[249],"share":[250],"code":[252],"models":[254],"when":[255],"accepted.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}