{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200312714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3135470","title":"SSL++: Improving Self-Supervised Learning by Mitigating the Proxy Task-Specificity Problem","display_name":"SSL++: Improving Self-Supervised Learning by Mitigating the Proxy Task-Specificity Problem","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200312714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3135470","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34932477"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3135470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3135470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10141121/1/SongChen-TIP-2021-accepted.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100636931","display_name":"Chen Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0560-4386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Song Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079361172","display_name":"Jing\u2010Hao Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1174-610X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing-Hao Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038083485","display_name":"Jianlong Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0610-907X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianlong Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100442199","display_name":"Jianzhong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7056-8206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianzhong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089409678","display_name":"Jufeng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0219-3443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jufeng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393506","display_name":"Qi Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7252-5047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Cloud AI, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Cloud AI, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100636931"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2387,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90186713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":null,"first_page":"1134","last_page":"1148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8208376169204712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.7367726564407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7116591334342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6416699886322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5751781463623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.5607589483261108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.33730053901672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3250259757041931}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8208376169204712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.7367726564407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7116591334342957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6416699886322021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5751781463623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5607589483261108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.33730053901672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3250259757041931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3135470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3135470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34932477","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34932477","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10141121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10141121/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10141121/1/SongChen-TIP-2021-accepted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Image Processing       (2021)     (In press).  ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10141121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10141121/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10141121/1/SongChen-TIP-2021-accepted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Image Processing       (2021)     (In press).  ","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1729323816","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20JCJQJC00020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4620801591","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876094","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5884194724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18JCYBJC15400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6290357695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0100403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6866399467","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18ZXZNGX00110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876575766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1933114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323993","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200312714.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W219040644","https://openalex.org/W343636949","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1520997877","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2059515884","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2118858186","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2144796873","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2198618282","https://openalex.org/W2211456655","https://openalex.org/W2287334441","https://openalex.org/W2308529009","https://openalex.org/W2321533354","https://openalex.org/W2326925005","https://openalex.org/W2558661413","https://openalex.org/W2560977758","https://openalex.org/W2575671312","https://openalex.org/W2599837529","https://openalex.org/W2607510315","https://openalex.org/W2619697695","https://openalex.org/W2769857323","https://openalex.org/W2785325870","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2883725317","https://openalex.org/W2887997457","https://openalex.org/W2890052321","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2913939497","https://openalex.org/W2944828972","https://openalex.org/W2948467580","https://openalex.org/W2953469440","https://openalex.org/W2962824366","https://openalex.org/W2962852342","https://openalex.org/W2963074118","https://openalex.org/W2963103975","https://openalex.org/W2963192800","https://openalex.org/W2963420272","https://openalex.org/W2963465221","https://openalex.org/W2963749571","https://openalex.org/W2963826423","https://openalex.org/W2964060161","https://openalex.org/W2979685515","https://openalex.org/W2982376094","https://openalex.org/W2987741655","https://openalex.org/W2990500698","https://openalex.org/W2990789488","https://openalex.org/W2990873191","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3006528745","https://openalex.org/W3014760753","https://openalex.org/W3023371261","https://openalex.org/W3025966429","https://openalex.org/W3034781633","https://openalex.org/W3080818206","https://openalex.org/W3082708265","https://openalex.org/W3092095626","https://openalex.org/W3103455452","https://openalex.org/W3109466111","https://openalex.org/W3110446398","https://openalex.org/W3113757710","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3137695714","https://openalex.org/W3177339245","https://openalex.org/W3215810482","https://openalex.org/W4288024349","https://openalex.org/W4292692470","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6677919164","https://openalex.org/W6682250724","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6730178624","https://openalex.org/W6736894310","https://openalex.org/W6747899497","https://openalex.org/W6754048563","https://openalex.org/W6754278344","https://openalex.org/W6756040250","https://openalex.org/W6762573206","https://openalex.org/W6763485134","https://openalex.org/W6765052341","https://openalex.org/W6770196601","https://openalex.org/W6771518190","https://openalex.org/W6774314701","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6928992657"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118717649","https://openalex.org/W2413243053","https://openalex.org/W410723623","https://openalex.org/W2015341305","https://openalex.org/W2035068594","https://openalex.org/W4225593417","https://openalex.org/W2573498121","https://openalex.org/W3022298670","https://openalex.org/W3160494304","https://openalex.org/W3006162251"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"success":[1],"of":[2,13,48,70,97,106,126,170],"deep":[3],"convolutional":[4],"networks":[5],"(ConvNets)":[6],"generally":[7],"relies":[8],"on":[9,60,183],"a":[10,41,62,115,147],"massive":[11],"amount":[12],"well-labeled":[14],"data,":[15],"which":[16],"is":[17,35,46],"labor-intensive":[18],"and":[19,23,150,166,186],"time-consuming":[20],"to":[21,75,89,102,120,136,162],"collect":[22],"annotate":[24],"in":[25,79],"many":[26],"scenarios.":[27],"To":[28],"eliminate":[29],"such":[30],"limitation,":[31],"self-supervised":[32,117],"learning":[33,131],"(SSL)":[34],"recently":[36],"proposed.":[37],"Specifically,":[38],"by":[39,109,146,157],"solving":[40],"pre-designed":[42],"proxy":[43,64,91,95,123,148],"task,":[44,92],"SSL":[45,111,188],"capable":[47],"capturing":[49],"general-purpose":[50],"features":[51,86,107,144,154],"without":[52],"requiring":[53],"human":[54],"supervision.":[55],"Existing":[56],"efforts":[57],"focus":[58],"obsessively":[59],"designing":[61],"particular":[63],"task":[65,149],"but":[66],"ignore":[67],"the":[68,80,84,90,94,104,122,129,138,141,151,158,164,168,180,184],"semanticity":[69,125],"samples":[71,127],"that":[72,83,175],"are":[73,87],"advantageous":[74],"downstream":[76],"tasks,":[77],"resulting":[78],"inherent":[81],"limitation":[82],"learned":[85,108,145,156],"specific":[88],"namely":[93],"task-specificity":[96,165],"features.":[98,171],"In":[99],"this":[100],"work,":[101],"improve":[103,167],"generalizability":[105,169],"existing":[110],"methods,":[112],"we":[113],"present":[114],"novel":[116],"framework":[118],"SSL++":[119,134,176],"incorporate":[121],"task-independent":[124],"into":[128],"representation":[130],"process.":[132],"Technically,":[133],"aims":[135],"leverage":[137],"complementarity,":[139],"between":[140],"low-level":[142],"generic":[143],"high-level":[152],"semantic":[153,160],"newly":[155],"generated":[159],"pseudo-labels,":[161],"mitigate":[163],"Extensive":[172],"experiments":[173],"show":[174],"performs":[177],"favorably":[178],"against":[179],"state-of-the-art":[181],"approaches":[182],"established":[185],"latest":[187],"benchmarks.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
