{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217752187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3130526","title":"Robust Perturbation for Visual Explanation: Cross-Checking Mask Optimization to Avoid Class Distortion","display_name":"Robust Perturbation for Visual Explanation: Cross-Checking Mask Optimization to Avoid Class Distortion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217752187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3130526","mag":"3217752187","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34855593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3130526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3130526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junho Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-910X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junho Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-910X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Seongyeop Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1591-9218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seongyeop Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea","Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1591-9218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Seong Tae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2132-6021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong Tae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea","Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2132-6021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yong Man Ro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-6853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Man Ro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-6853","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Image and Video Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5206,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73853015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":null,"first_page":"301","last_page":"313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.862500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.862500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.04230000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.0210999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perturbation","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","score":0.6417999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.6244999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5658000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.3781999945640564}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6686999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6517000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.6417999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.6244999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5658000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64185310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843483","display_name":"Rate\u2013distortion theory","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3130526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3130526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34855593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34855593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:koasas.kaist.ac.kr:10203/291320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10203/291320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402435","display_name":"KAIST Institutional Repository (KAIST)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","host_organization_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1996796871","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2146260356","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2606462007","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2775952356","https://openalex.org/W2776207810","https://openalex.org/W2911290743","https://openalex.org/W2943425778","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963781258","https://openalex.org/W2982560934","https://openalex.org/W2982680516","https://openalex.org/W2988157455","https://openalex.org/W3007443315","https://openalex.org/W3015504877","https://openalex.org/W3016950572","https://openalex.org/W3034873438","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3091150073","https://openalex.org/W3095662757","https://openalex.org/W3103836116","https://openalex.org/W3113544362","https://openalex.org/W3120284371","https://openalex.org/W3137509541","https://openalex.org/W3177079919","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6735443497","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6746876212","https://openalex.org/W6748218292","https://openalex.org/W6752170072","https://openalex.org/W6753001334","https://openalex.org/W6754669440","https://openalex.org/W6766931891","https://openalex.org/W6767229288","https://openalex.org/W6770843327","https://openalex.org/W6772015689","https://openalex.org/W6774289986"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Along":[0],"with":[1,229],"the":[2,6,22,28,33,39,55,60,69,73,76,95,107,118,122,126,145,150,164,168,172,211,219,224,230],"outstanding":[3],"performance":[4],"of":[5,24,38,59,72,102,106,121,167,223],"deep":[7],"neural":[8],"networks":[9],"(DNNs),":[10],"considerable":[11],"research":[12],"efforts":[13],"have":[14],"been":[15],"devoted":[16],"to":[17,20,45,86,94,217],"finding":[18],"ways":[19,44],"understand":[21],"decision":[23],"DNNs":[25],"structures.":[26],"In":[27,110,204],"computer":[29],"vision":[30],"domain,":[31],"visualizing":[32],"attribution":[34],"map":[35],"is":[36],"one":[37],"most":[40],"intuitive":[41],"and":[42,104,178,207,221],"understandable":[43],"achieve":[46],"human-level":[47],"interpretation.":[48],"Among":[49],"them,":[50],"perturbation-based":[51,232],"visualization":[52],"can":[53],"explain":[54],"\"black":[56],"box\"":[57],"property":[58],"given":[61],"network":[62,70,87,123,169],"by":[63],"optimizing":[64],"perturbation":[65,80,92,108,127],"masks":[66],"that":[67],"alter":[68],"prediction":[71,124,166],"target":[74,165],"class":[75,115,147,201,212],"most.":[77],"However,":[78],"existing":[79,231],"methods":[81],"could":[82],"make":[83],"unexpected":[84,119,146],"changes":[85,120],"predictions":[88],"after":[89],"applying":[90],"a":[91,100,134,154,197],"mask":[93,151,157],"input":[96],"image,":[97],"resulting":[98],"in":[99,227],"loss":[101],"robustness":[103,143],"fidelity":[105,222],"mechanisms.":[109],"this":[111],"paper,":[112],"we":[113,132,195],"define":[114],"distortion":[116,148,202,213],"as":[117],"during":[125,149],"process.":[128],"To":[129],"handle":[130],"that,":[131],"propose":[133,196],"novel":[135],"visual":[136,180,225],"interpretation":[137],"framework,":[138],"Robust":[139],"Perturbation,":[140],"which":[141],"shows":[142],"against":[144],"optimization.":[152],"With":[153],"new":[155,198],"cross-checking":[156],"optimization":[158],"strategy,":[159],"our":[160,184],"proposed":[161],"framework":[162,185],"perturbs":[163],"while":[170],"upholding":[171],"non-target":[173],"predictions,":[174],"providing":[175],"more":[176],"reliable":[177],"accurate":[179],"explanations.":[181],"We":[182],"evaluate":[183],"on":[186],"three":[187],"different":[188],"public":[189],"datasets":[190],"through":[191],"extensive":[192],"experiments.":[193],"Furthermore,":[194],"metric":[199],"for":[200],"evaluation.":[203],"both":[205],"quantitative":[206],"qualitative":[208],"experiments,":[209],"tackling":[210],"problem":[214],"turns":[215],"out":[216],"enhance":[218],"quality":[220],"explanation":[226],"comparison":[228],"methods.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00"}
