{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207005171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3120041","title":"Exploring Spatial Diversity for Region-Based Active Learning","display_name":"Exploring Spatial Diversity for Region-Based Active Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207005171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3120041","mag":"3207005171","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3120041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3120041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.17367","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101775553","display_name":"Lile Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-0186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lile Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-0186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451925","display_name":"Xun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-2240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-2240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781973","display_name":"Lining Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5237-0834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lining Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001103949","display_name":"Chuan-Sheng Foo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-5792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan-Sheng Foo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4748-5792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80037551,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"8702","last_page":"8712"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7616669535636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7443481087684631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.644504189491272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6401693820953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6054136157035828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.556792140007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5242274403572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.509088933467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5012152194976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4312141239643097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7616669535636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7443481087684631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.644504189491272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6401693820953369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6054136157035828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.556792140007019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5242274403572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.509088933467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5012152194976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4312141239643097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3120041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3120041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34665728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.17367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17367","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.17367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2507.17367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17367","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.17367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6960108870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A20H6b0151","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","funder_display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1872312298","https://openalex.org/W1965734368","https://openalex.org/W1978633512","https://openalex.org/W1983521647","https://openalex.org/W1991234467","https://openalex.org/W2008989859","https://openalex.org/W2085989833","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2111336742","https://openalex.org/W2124244761","https://openalex.org/W2152228468","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2460470859","https://openalex.org/W2487365028","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2597787948","https://openalex.org/W2625559849","https://openalex.org/W2750023899","https://openalex.org/W2774918944","https://openalex.org/W2798820905","https://openalex.org/W2946828070","https://openalex.org/W2951786554","https://openalex.org/W2951911250","https://openalex.org/W2956371155","https://openalex.org/W2962976295","https://openalex.org/W2963015987","https://openalex.org/W2963136578","https://openalex.org/W2963902936","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2986514296","https://openalex.org/W2995306638","https://openalex.org/W3006246324","https://openalex.org/W3035166710","https://openalex.org/W3082269314","https://openalex.org/W3205626500","https://openalex.org/W4298132949","https://openalex.org/W6639393196","https://openalex.org/W6722836162","https://openalex.org/W6735374517","https://openalex.org/W6739899774","https://openalex.org/W6747231328","https://openalex.org/W6748481559","https://openalex.org/W6752233107","https://openalex.org/W6772057793","https://openalex.org/W6782595193"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2907667403","https://openalex.org/W3153043179","https://openalex.org/W2897195263","https://openalex.org/W2739874619","https://openalex.org/W3214333957","https://openalex.org/W1507687735","https://openalex.org/W2006443041","https://openalex.org/W3117032475","https://openalex.org/W2151600032","https://openalex.org/W3169504557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State-of-the-art":[0],"methods":[1,145,161],"for":[2,25,63,75,102,162],"semantic":[3,31,163],"segmentation":[4],"are":[5,61],"based":[6],"on":[7,12],"deep":[8],"neural":[9],"networks":[10],"trained":[11],"large-scale":[13],"labeled":[14,153],"datasets.":[15],"Acquiring":[16],"such":[17],"datasets":[18,116],"would":[19],"incur":[20],"large":[21],"annotation":[22,43],"costs,":[23],"especially":[24],"dense":[26],"pixel-level":[27],"prediction":[28],"tasks":[29],"like":[30],"segmentation.":[32,164],"We":[33,106],"consider":[34],"region-based":[35,103,158],"active":[36,76,90,104,134,159],"learning":[37,77,135,160],"as":[38],"a":[39,98],"strategy":[40],"to":[41,82,110],"reduce":[42],"costs":[44],"while":[45],"maintaining":[46],"high":[47],"performance.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,79,108],"setting,":[51],"batches":[52],"of":[53,58,122,129,142,151],"informative":[54],"image":[55],"regions":[56],"instead":[57],"entire":[59],"images":[60],"selected":[62],"labeling.":[64],"Importantly,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"that":[68,119],"enforcing":[69],"local":[70],"spatial":[71,84,123],"diversity":[72,85,124],"is":[73],"beneficial":[74],"in":[78,97],"case,":[80],"and":[81,113,117,131],"incorporate":[83],"along":[86],"with":[87,146],"the":[88,111,120,127,152],"traditional":[89],"selection":[91],"criterion,":[92],"e.g.,":[93],"data":[94],"sample":[95],"uncertainty,":[96],"unified":[99],"optimization":[100],"framework":[101,109,138],"learning.":[105],"apply":[107],"Cityscapes":[112],"PASCAL":[114],"VOC":[115],"demonstrate":[118],"inclusion":[121],"effectively":[125],"improves":[126],"performance":[128,141],"uncertainty-based":[130],"feature":[132],"diversity-based":[133],"methods.":[136],"Our":[137],"achieves":[139],"95%":[140],"fully":[143],"supervised":[144],"only":[147],"5":[148],"-":[149],"9%":[150],"pixels,":[154],"outperforming":[155],"all":[156],"state-of-the-art":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
