{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203596689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3115672","title":"AutoPedestrian: An Automatic Data Augmentation and Loss Function Search Scheme for Pedestrian Detection","display_name":"AutoPedestrian: An Automatic Data Augmentation and Loss Function Search Scheme for Pedestrian Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203596689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3115672","mag":"3203596689","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34618670"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3115672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3115672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028769645","display_name":"Yi Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-428X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering at Hunan University and National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Changsha 410082, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering at Hunan University and National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087869694","display_name":"Baopu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-3991"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baopu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu USA, 1195 Bordeaux Dr, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu USA, 1195 Bordeaux Dr, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343854","display_name":"Min Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-4896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering at Hunan University and National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Changsha 410082, China. (e-mail: liu_min@hnu.edu.cn)","College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering at Hunan University and National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Changsha 410082, China. (e-mail: liu_min@hnu.edu.cn)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074113867","display_name":"Boyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-7669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025640070","display_name":"Yaonan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-6458"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaonan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering at Hunan University and National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Changsha 410082, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering at Hunan University and National Engineering Laboratory for Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Changsha 410082, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087818121","display_name":"Wanli Ouyang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-2761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanli Ouyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028769645"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1289,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96591407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"8483","last_page":"8496"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-detection","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","score":0.7466655969619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.733414351940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6436810493469238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.6180846095085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5278691649436951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42012763023376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4146266281604767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33746469020843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11313506960868835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780156472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355550","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","level":3,"score":0.7466655969619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.733414351940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6436810493469238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.6180846095085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5278691649436951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42012763023376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4146266281604767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33746469020843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11313506960868835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3115672","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3115672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34618670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34618670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1259047040","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62073126","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3261378140","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020JJ2008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6370828123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP200103223","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6889417642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FT210100228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8810697831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771189","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1771410628","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1987716715","https://openalex.org/W2031454541","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2124659975","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2200528286","https://openalex.org/W2497039038","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2553303224","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2594507094","https://openalex.org/W2608461606","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2739722733","https://openalex.org/W2743905801","https://openalex.org/W2746314669","https://openalex.org/W2765407302","https://openalex.org/W2792824754","https://openalex.org/W2798542761","https://openalex.org/W2804944551","https://openalex.org/W2883363148","https://openalex.org/W2894820835","https://openalex.org/W2949736877","https://openalex.org/W2950141105","https://openalex.org/W2954428350","https://openalex.org/W2962766617","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963677766","https://openalex.org/W2963681621","https://openalex.org/W2963769056","https://openalex.org/W2963998989","https://openalex.org/W2970395278","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2985793077","https://openalex.org/W2990075400","https://openalex.org/W2995246268","https://openalex.org/W2995649684","https://openalex.org/W2997344726","https://openalex.org/W2997564604","https://openalex.org/W3000996870","https://openalex.org/W3001652308","https://openalex.org/W3009184501","https://openalex.org/W3020833432","https://openalex.org/W3021922267","https://openalex.org/W3034293449","https://openalex.org/W3034638324","https://openalex.org/W3035323039","https://openalex.org/W3035363850","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3046320925","https://openalex.org/W3098090606","https://openalex.org/W3106753828","https://openalex.org/W3108815824","https://openalex.org/W3109403878","https://openalex.org/W3118916254","https://openalex.org/W3127553939","https://openalex.org/W3128725207","https://openalex.org/W3173632533","https://openalex.org/W3202742610","https://openalex.org/W3204913553","https://openalex.org/W4214680115","https://openalex.org/W4288325606","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638018090","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6729956949","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6743428213","https://openalex.org/W6745136726","https://openalex.org/W6750697433","https://openalex.org/W6762334975","https://openalex.org/W6764322716","https://openalex.org/W6764945797","https://openalex.org/W6772167297","https://openalex.org/W6776425805","https://openalex.org/W6776829967","https://openalex.org/W6779561279","https://openalex.org/W6786827053","https://openalex.org/W6790941426","https://openalex.org/W6794757866","https://openalex.org/W6798727737","https://openalex.org/W6800957392"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392100589","https://openalex.org/W2512789322","https://openalex.org/W3122828758","https://openalex.org/W2101960027","https://openalex.org/W2197846993","https://openalex.org/W1976827262","https://openalex.org/W49697837","https://openalex.org/W2139561767","https://openalex.org/W2972620127","https://openalex.org/W2981141433"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pedestrian":[0],"detection":[1,51],"is":[2,61],"a":[3,29,116],"challenging":[4],"and":[5,39,74,92,103,129,142,161],"hot":[6],"research":[7],"topic":[8],"in":[9,53,156,163],"the":[10,17,36,62,68,79,84,88,99,123,145],"field":[11],"of":[12,49,71,86,126,140,147],"computer":[13],"vision,":[14],"especially":[15,52],"for":[16,41,46,78],"crowded":[18,54],"scenes":[19],"where":[20],"occlusion":[21],"happens":[22],"frequently.":[23],"In":[24,151],"this":[25],"paper,":[26],"we":[27,96,114,153],"propose":[28],"novel":[30],"AutoPedestrian":[31],"scheme":[32,91,118],"that":[33],"automatically":[34,66],"augments":[35],"pedestrian":[37,50,80],"data":[38,72,100,127],"searches":[40],"suitable":[42],"loss":[43,75,93,104,130],"functions,":[44],"aiming":[45],"better":[47],"performance":[48],"scenes.":[55],"To":[56,82],"our":[57,148],"best":[58],"knowledge,":[59],"it":[60],"first":[63,97],"work":[64],"to":[65,121],"search":[67],"optimal":[69,89],"policy":[70,102],"augmentation":[73,90,101,128],"function":[76,94,105,131],"jointly":[77],"detection.":[81],"achieve":[83,154],"goal":[85],"searching":[87],"jointly,":[95],"formulate":[98],"as":[106],"probability":[107],"distributions":[108],"based":[109],"on":[110,136,158,165,173],"different":[111],"hyper-parameters.":[112],"Then,":[113],"apply":[115],"double-loop":[117],"with":[119],"importance-sampling":[120],"solve":[122],"optimization":[124],"problem":[125],"types":[132],"efficiently.":[133],"Comprehensive":[134],"experiments":[135],"two":[137,175],"popular":[138],"benchmarks":[139],"CrowdHuman":[141,159],"CityPersons":[143,166],"show":[144],"effectiveness":[146],"proposed":[149],"method.":[150],"particular,":[152],"40.58%":[155],"MR":[157,164],"datasets":[160],"11.3%":[162],"reasonable":[167],"subset,":[168],"yielding":[169],"new":[170],"state-of-the-art":[171],"results":[172],"these":[174],"datasets.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
