{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204272094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3114987","title":"Unsupervised Abstract Reasoning for Raven\u2019s Problem Matrices","display_name":"Unsupervised Abstract Reasoning for Raven\u2019s Problem Matrices","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204272094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3114987","mag":"3204272094","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34587009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3114987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3114987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042406159","display_name":"Tao Zhuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-1887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Zhuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China. (e-mail: zhuotao724@gmail.com)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8860-1887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Artificial Intelligence Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), China. (e-mail: zhuotao724@gmail.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748","https://openalex.org/I152269853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013817745","display_name":"Qiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1120-4685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016415049","display_name":"Mohan Kankanhalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4846-2015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohan Kankanhalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042406159"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6798,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87151197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"8332","last_page":"8341"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.753103494644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7371758818626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.656699538230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5979878306388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5803511142730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.5379496216773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ravens-progressive-matrices","display_name":"Raven's Progressive Matrices","score":0.5105727910995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.48790881037712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4825565218925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.4825369715690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.45168715715408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4513392448425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3953265845775604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.10083436965942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.07734909653663635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.753103494644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7371758818626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.656699538230896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5979878306388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5803511142730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.5379496216773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173354102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510887","display_name":"Raven's Progressive Matrices","level":3,"score":0.5105727910995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48790881037712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4825565218925476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4825369715690613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45168715715408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4513392448425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3953265845775604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.10083436965942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.07734909653663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007361","descriptor_name":"Intelligence Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007361","descriptor_name":"Intelligence Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007361","descriptor_name":"Intelligence Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011340","descriptor_name":"Problem Solving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3114987","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3114987","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34587009","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34587009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3616239415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A18A2b0046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","funder_display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6288747419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002188","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1742796442","https://openalex.org/W1988488214","https://openalex.org/W2067737176","https://openalex.org/W2080483844","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2141986476","https://openalex.org/W2152790380","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2321533354","https://openalex.org/W2399315682","https://openalex.org/W2402452943","https://openalex.org/W2788718740","https://openalex.org/W2804180102","https://openalex.org/W2862508255","https://openalex.org/W2883725317","https://openalex.org/W2887997457","https://openalex.org/W2917551568","https://openalex.org/W2958360136","https://openalex.org/W2962934715","https://openalex.org/W2963091836","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2963525451","https://openalex.org/W2963690694","https://openalex.org/W2963909971","https://openalex.org/W2964074409","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964665981","https://openalex.org/W2970010326","https://openalex.org/W2971200848","https://openalex.org/W2979579363","https://openalex.org/W2981774933","https://openalex.org/W2981952612","https://openalex.org/W2994926633","https://openalex.org/W2994958563","https://openalex.org/W3005021358","https://openalex.org/W3117577445","https://openalex.org/W3176851132","https://openalex.org/W4302359323","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6681249710","https://openalex.org/W6682948231","https://openalex.org/W6685380521","https://openalex.org/W6713693865","https://openalex.org/W6738532226","https://openalex.org/W6745038159","https://openalex.org/W6754278344","https://openalex.org/W6758488800","https://openalex.org/W6760212410","https://openalex.org/W6763392795","https://openalex.org/W6767094118","https://openalex.org/W6767328352","https://openalex.org/W6771084333","https://openalex.org/W6773286308","https://openalex.org/W6790670223"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3174759195","https://openalex.org/W3167013339","https://openalex.org/W4287121366","https://openalex.org/W60493759","https://openalex.org/W4386437125","https://openalex.org/W4308619659","https://openalex.org/W3213069564","https://openalex.org/W2997229301","https://openalex.org/W2794802664","https://openalex.org/W4389072551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Raven's":[0],"Progressive":[1],"Matrices":[2],"(RPM)":[3],"is":[4,90,155],"highly":[5],"correlated":[6],"with":[7,119],"human":[8],"intelligence,":[9],"and":[10,97],"it":[11],"has":[12],"been":[13],"widely":[14],"used":[15],"to":[16,27,70,104,114,128,133],"measure":[17],"the":[18,29,39,49,63,67,72,78,87,94,99,116,130,150],"abstract":[19,30],"reasoning":[20,31],"ability":[21],"of":[22,33,66,149],"humans.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25,110],"paper,":[26],"study":[28],"capability":[32],"deep":[34],"neural":[35],"networks,":[36],"we":[37,56,112,123],"propose":[38,113],"first":[40],"unsupervised":[41,79],"learning":[42,80],"method":[43,127,145],"for":[44],"solving":[45],"RPM":[46,68,135],"problems.":[47,136],"Since":[48],"ground":[50],"truth":[51],"labels":[52],"are":[53],"not":[54],"allowed,":[55],"design":[57],"a":[58,83,125],"pseudo":[59,95],"target":[60],"based":[61],"on":[62,139],"prior":[64],"constraints":[65],"formulation":[69],"approximate":[71],"ground-truth":[73],"label,":[74],"which":[75],"effectively":[76],"converts":[77],"strategy":[81],"into":[82],"supervised":[84,151],"one.":[85],"However,":[86],"correct":[88],"answer":[89],"wrongly":[91],"labelled":[92],"by":[93],"target,":[96],"thus":[98],"noisy":[100],"contrast":[101],"will":[102],"lead":[103],"inaccurate":[105],"model":[106,117],"training.":[107],"To":[108],"alleviate":[109],"issue,":[111],"improve":[115],"performance":[118],"negative":[120],"answers.":[121],"Moreover,":[122],"develop":[124],"decentralization":[126],"adapt":[129],"feature":[131],"representation":[132],"different":[134],"Extensive":[137],"experiments":[138],"three":[140],"datasets":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"that":[143],"our":[144],"even":[146],"outperforms":[147],"some":[148],"approaches.":[152],"Our":[153],"code":[154],"available":[156],"at":[157],"https://github.com/visiontao/ncd.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
