{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3184621622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3097187","title":"Interpreting Bottom-Up Decision-Making of CNNs via Hierarchical Inference","display_name":"Interpreting Bottom-Up Decision-Making of CNNs via Hierarchical Inference","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3184621622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3097187","mag":"3184621622","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34283715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3097187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3097187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100411767","display_name":"Dan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-0418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036468132","display_name":"Xinrui Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-7801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinrui Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451602","display_name":"Xun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-8116"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028143781","display_name":"Rabab Ward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2471-1902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabab Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051587486","display_name":"Z. Jane Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3791-0249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Jane Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100411767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84097749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"6701","last_page":"6714"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7973759770393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7541248798370361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6684479713439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4983961582183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4539215564727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.44941505789756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.44337353110313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.42819371819496155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7973759770393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7541248798370361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6684479713439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4983961582183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4539215564727783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44941505789756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44337353110313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.42819371819496155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3097187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3097187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34283715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34283715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323180","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1827676532","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2064341675","https://openalex.org/W2076491823","https://openalex.org/W2104408738","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2130355536","https://openalex.org/W2140856955","https://openalex.org/W2162110654","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2574952845","https://openalex.org/W2606462007","https://openalex.org/W2732026016","https://openalex.org/W2737258237","https://openalex.org/W2895739182","https://openalex.org/W2919557871","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963081790","https://openalex.org/W2963382180","https://openalex.org/W2963483561","https://openalex.org/W2963749936","https://openalex.org/W2982560934","https://openalex.org/W2988571238","https://openalex.org/W2991989919","https://openalex.org/W3010142250","https://openalex.org/W3022216559","https://openalex.org/W3101609372","https://openalex.org/W4229494842","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6750391026"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183204001","https://openalex.org/W4327743144","https://openalex.org/W4388567440","https://openalex.org/W4386782890","https://openalex.org/W4313320911","https://openalex.org/W2607424049","https://openalex.org/W4245077728","https://openalex.org/W4390922876","https://openalex.org/W2185941092","https://openalex.org/W3210948575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,20,30,36,58,79,125,131,134,139,179,190,193],"great":[2],"success":[3],"of":[4,10,34,45,170,192],"convolutional":[5],"neural":[6],"networks":[7],"(CNNs),":[8],"interpretation":[9,63],"their":[11],"internal":[12],"network":[13,21,68,120,140,162],"mechanism":[14],"has":[15],"been":[16],"increasingly":[17],"critical,":[18],"while":[19],"decision-making":[22,37,69,121,163],"logic":[23,33],"is":[24,76,150,165,175],"still":[25],"an":[26],"open":[27],"issue.":[28],"In":[29,65],"bottom-up":[31,180],"hierarchical":[32,80,98,127,172,181],"neuroscience,":[35],"process":[38,70,164],"can":[39],"be":[40],"deduced":[41],"from":[42,48,71,87,130],"a":[43,67,96,111,118,143,147,160,168],"series":[44],"sub-decision-making":[46],"processes":[47],"low":[49,90],"to":[50,73,89,133,178],"high":[51,88],"levels.":[52,92,201],"Inspired":[53],"by":[54,78,106],"this,":[55],"we":[56,94,123],"propose":[57],"Concept-harmonized":[59],"HierArchical":[60],"INference":[61],"(CHAIN)":[62],"scheme.":[64],"CHAIN,":[66],"shallow":[72],"deep":[74],"layers":[75],"interpreted":[77],"backward":[81,129],"inference":[82,128],"based":[83],"on":[84,110],"visual":[85,182],"concepts":[86,155],"semantic":[91,136],"Firstly,":[93],"learned":[95],"general":[97],"visual-concept":[99],"representation":[100],"in":[101],"CNN":[102],"layered":[103],"feature":[104],"space":[105],"concept":[107,113,145],"harmonizing":[108],"model":[109],"large":[112],"dataset.":[114],"Secondly,":[115],"for":[116,142,154],"interpreting":[117],"specific":[119,161],"process,":[122],"conduct":[124],"concept-harmonized":[126,171],"highest":[132],"lowest":[135],"level.":[137],"Specifically,":[138],"learning":[141],"target":[144],"at":[146,156,196],"deeper":[148],"layer":[149],"disassembled":[151],"into":[152],"that":[153],"shallower":[157],"layers.":[158],"Finally,":[159],"explained":[166],"as":[167],"form":[169],"inference,":[173],"which":[174],"intuitively":[176],"comparable":[177],"recognition":[183],"way.":[184],"Quantitative":[185],"and":[186,199],"qualitative":[187],"experiments":[188],"demonstrate":[189],"effectiveness":[191],"proposed":[194],"CHAIN":[195],"both":[197],"instance":[198],"class":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}