{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3044714385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3092822","title":"Toward Visual Distortion in Black-Box Attacks","display_name":"Toward Visual Distortion in Black-Box Attacks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3044714385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3092822","mag":"3044714385","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34214038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3092822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3092822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.10593","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419522","display_name":"Nannan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1545-019X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nannan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006748765","display_name":"Zhenzhong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7882-1066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenzhong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100419522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3793,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90216236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"6156","last_page":"6167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.6128148436546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5887085795402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5738542675971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.5020325183868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5006508827209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4907558858394623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4179037809371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3982873558998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.297452449798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1366771161556244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.11359456181526184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.6128148436546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5887085795402527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5738542675971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.5020325183868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5006508827209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4907558858394623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4179037809371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3982873558998108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.297452449798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1366771161556244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.11359456181526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3092822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3092822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34214038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34214038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2007.10593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.10593","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.10593","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2007.10593","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.10593","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.10593","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G546945625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2042020KF0205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G879442631","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62036005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2040576696","https://openalex.org/W2059283460","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2312609093","https://openalex.org/W2346735539","https://openalex.org/W2408141691","https://openalex.org/W2527269634","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2606101940","https://openalex.org/W2619479788","https://openalex.org/W2620038827","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2766108848","https://openalex.org/W2783555701","https://openalex.org/W2800473699","https://openalex.org/W2883285025","https://openalex.org/W2915352453","https://openalex.org/W2934654846","https://openalex.org/W2946814535","https://openalex.org/W2947028053","https://openalex.org/W2952104986","https://openalex.org/W2954420970","https://openalex.org/W2962700793","https://openalex.org/W2962713901","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963098487","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963361074","https://openalex.org/W2963389226","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963448658","https://openalex.org/W2963516603","https://openalex.org/W2963564844","https://openalex.org/W2963595196","https://openalex.org/W2963744840","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W2964205597","https://openalex.org/W2970390122","https://openalex.org/W2971126145","https://openalex.org/W2977420758","https://openalex.org/W2979630692","https://openalex.org/W2980361376","https://openalex.org/W2982767129","https://openalex.org/W2991240978","https://openalex.org/W2994702848","https://openalex.org/W2996603157","https://openalex.org/W3008051686","https://openalex.org/W3016193692","https://openalex.org/W3034309698","https://openalex.org/W3034412497","https://openalex.org/W3035066248","https://openalex.org/W3093152201","https://openalex.org/W3107235539","https://openalex.org/W3156158596","https://openalex.org/W3188055935","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4288079543","https://openalex.org/W4288094998","https://openalex.org/W4288570935","https://openalex.org/W4306884024","https://openalex.org/W4309845474","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6714069269","https://openalex.org/W6729756640","https://openalex.org/W6736534893","https://openalex.org/W6745847742","https://openalex.org/W6753044988","https://openalex.org/W6761376423","https://openalex.org/W6761833289","https://openalex.org/W6762681652","https://openalex.org/W6763151900","https://openalex.org/W6764550947","https://openalex.org/W6769150151","https://openalex.org/W6769581535","https://openalex.org/W6779797995"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W3124914020","https://openalex.org/W2141033859","https://openalex.org/W2077542787","https://openalex.org/W2156434174","https://openalex.org/W2071701083","https://openalex.org/W2383687187","https://openalex.org/W2070401501","https://openalex.org/W2047881532","https://openalex.org/W2121496884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Constructing":[0],"adversarial":[1,40,59,107],"examples":[2],"in":[3,67,123],"a":[4,21],"black-box":[5,23,48,132],"threat":[6],"model":[7],"injures":[8],"the":[9,30,35,39,47,54,58,62,73,76,85,90,95,113,130,148],"original":[10,63],"images":[11],"by":[12,33,81],"introducing":[13],"visual":[14,52,100],"distortion.":[15,101],"In":[16],"this":[17],"paper,":[18],"we":[19,145],"propose":[20],"novel":[22],"attack":[24,117,121],"approach":[25],"that":[26],"can":[27],"directly":[28],"minimize":[29],"induced":[31],"distortion":[32,126],"learning":[34,103],"noise":[36,83,87],"distribution":[37,91],"of":[38,75,115,150],"example,":[41],"assuming":[42],"only":[43],"loss-oracle":[44],"access":[45],"to":[46,98,129],"network.":[49],"To":[50],"quantify":[51],"distortion,":[53],"perceptual":[55],"distance":[56],"between":[57],"example":[60,108],"and":[61,134,142],"image,":[64],"is":[65,92,109,155],"introduced":[66],"our":[68,116,151],"loss.":[69],"We":[70,111],"first":[71],"approximate":[72],"gradient":[74,97],"corresponding":[77],"non-differentiable":[78],"loss":[79],"function":[80],"sampling":[82],"from":[84],"learned":[86],"distribution.":[88],"Then":[89],"updated":[93],"using":[94],"estimated":[96],"reduce":[99],"The":[102,153],"continues":[104],"until":[105],"an":[106],"found.":[110],"validate":[112],"effectiveness":[114],"on":[118,139],"ImageNet.":[119],"Our":[120],"results":[122],"much":[124],"lower":[125],"when":[127],"compared":[128],"state-of-the-art":[131],"attacks":[133],"achieves":[135],"100%":[136],"success":[137],"rate":[138],"InceptionV3,":[140],"ResNet50":[141],"VGG16bn.":[143],"Furthermore,":[144],"theoretically":[146],"prove":[147],"convergence":[149],"model.":[152],"code":[154],"publicly":[156],"available":[157],"at":[158],"https://github.com/Alina-1997/visual-distortion-in-attack.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
