{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3176482836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3089943","title":"LayerCAM: Exploring Hierarchical Class Activation Maps for Localization","display_name":"LayerCAM: Exploring Hierarchical Class Activation Maps for Localization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3176482836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3089943","mag":"3176482836","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34156941"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3089943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3089943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062345781","display_name":"Peng-Tao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-4943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng-Tao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TKLNDST, CS, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1786-4943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TKLNDST, CS, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101554064","display_name":"Chang\u2013Bin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-8240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang-Bin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["TKLNDST, CS, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-8240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TKLNDST, CS, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040392623","display_name":"Qibin Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-8708"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qibin Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUS, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8388-8708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUS, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037131575","display_name":"Ming\u2010Ming Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-8758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Ming Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["TKLNDST, CS, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5550-8758","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TKLNDST, CS, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087043856","display_name":"Yunchao Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2812-8781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunchao Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2812-8781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":42.7043,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":800,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99935681,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"5875","last_page":"5888"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7706413269042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6787028312683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6560286283493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.646022617816925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.62319415807724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.611099362373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5650877952575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4770602285861969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4660170376300812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.44663000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.44536346197128296}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7706413269042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6787028312683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6560286283493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.646022617816925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.62319415807724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.611099362373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5650877952575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4770602285861969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4660170376300812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.44663000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44536346197128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3089943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3089943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34156941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34156941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1349274172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0100400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3432882601","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6130512360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"63213090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":114,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W845365781","https://openalex.org/W1529410181","https://openalex.org/W1570918423","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1783315696","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1991367009","https://openalex.org/W2016016818","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2066606526","https://openalex.org/W2090691884","https://openalex.org/W2109326754","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2133324800","https://openalex.org/W2144794286","https://openalex.org/W2168804568","https://openalex.org/W2169551590","https://openalex.org/W2171240872","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2312198368","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2441255125","https://openalex.org/W2461475918","https://openalex.org/W2519284461","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2563705555","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2566871317","https://openalex.org/W2585747585","https://openalex.org/W2600144439","https://openalex.org/W2606831796","https://openalex.org/W2613833277","https://openalex.org/W2615461745","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2739450375","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2776207810","https://openalex.org/W2796813206","https://openalex.org/W2798376494","https://openalex.org/W2799124825","https://openalex.org/W2803086989","https://openalex.org/W2804743778","https://openalex.org/W2807830984","https://openalex.org/W2883554151","https://openalex.org/W2895739182","https://openalex.org/W2928165649","https://openalex.org/W2948500402","https://openalex.org/W2950557962","https://openalex.org/W2953433552","https://openalex.org/W2962758679","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2962931232","https://openalex.org/W2962957359","https://openalex.org/W2963045696","https://openalex.org/W2963311325","https://openalex.org/W2963346885","https://openalex.org/W2963382180","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963606198","https://openalex.org/W2963670239","https://openalex.org/W2963795442","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2963952323","https://openalex.org/W2963977581","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2964274719","https://openalex.org/W2966776792","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2972392244","https://openalex.org/W2980259163","https://openalex.org/W2982093251","https://openalex.org/W2990371274","https://openalex.org/W2994615081","https://openalex.org/W2999458807","https://openalex.org/W3000346474","https://openalex.org/W3015821169","https://openalex.org/W3016163669","https://openalex.org/W3024127982","https://openalex.org/W3034230284","https://openalex.org/W3034752215","https://openalex.org/W3034873438","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3035703639","https://openalex.org/W3040739812","https://openalex.org/W3100341797","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3105043467","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3107653507","https://openalex.org/W3108381027","https://openalex.org/W3121709906","https://openalex.org/W3130223701","https://openalex.org/W3134233478","https://openalex.org/W3173957243","https://openalex.org/W4289367614","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4393805319","https://openalex.org/W6631611276","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6738022180","https://openalex.org/W6755402806","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6780776872","https://openalex.org/W6787166195","https://openalex.org/W6788693039","https://openalex.org/W6863786681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2965546495","https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W2110523656","https://openalex.org/W1482209366","https://openalex.org/W2521627374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,211],"class":[1,21,48,82,120,155,172,192],"activation":[2,49,83,121,156,173,193],"maps":[3,50,84,102,122,174,194],"are":[4,199],"generated":[5,195],"from":[6,80,137],"the":[7,20,38,43,56,60,81,87,97,100,159,168,171,191,207],"final":[8,44],"convolutional":[9,45],"layer":[10],"of":[11,22,42,55,62,126,170],"CNN.":[12,127],"They":[13],"can":[14,117,162],"highlight":[15],"discriminative":[16],"object":[17,26,68,77,134,183],"regions":[18,27,54],"for":[19,32,123],"interest.":[23],"These":[24],"discovered":[25],"have":[28],"been":[29],"widely":[30],"used":[31],"weakly-supervised":[33,63,182],"tasks.":[34],"However,":[35],"due":[36],"to":[37,73,85,132,142,181],"small":[39],"spatial":[40,140],"resolution":[41],"layer,":[46],"such":[47],"often":[51],"locate":[52,86],"coarse":[53,138],"target":[57,88],"objects,":[58],"limiting":[59],"performance":[61],"tasks":[64],"that":[65,190],"need":[66],"pixel-accurate":[67],"locations.":[69],"Thus,":[70],"we":[71,107,178],"aim":[72],"generate":[74],"more":[75,90,200],"fine-grained":[76,145],"localization":[78,135,184],"information":[79,136],"objects":[89],"accurately.":[91],"In":[92],"this":[93],"paper,":[94],"by":[95,176,196,206],"rethinking":[96],"relationships":[98],"between":[99],"feature":[101],"and":[103,185,202],"their":[104],"corresponding":[105],"gradients,":[106],"propose":[108],"a":[109,153],"simple":[110],"yet":[111],"effective":[112,201],"method,":[113],"called":[114],"LayerCAM.":[115],"It":[116],"produce":[118],"reliable":[119,203],"different":[124],"layers":[125],"This":[128],"property":[129],"enables":[130],"us":[131],"collect":[133],"(rough":[139],"localization)":[141],"fine":[143],"(precise":[144],"details)":[146],"levels.":[147],"We":[148],"further":[149],"integrate":[150],"them":[151,180],"into":[152],"high-quality":[154],"map,":[157],"where":[158],"object-related":[160],"pixels":[161],"be":[163,214],"better":[164],"highlighted.":[165],"To":[166],"evaluate":[167],"quality":[169],"produced":[175],"LayerCAM,":[177],"apply":[179],"semantic":[186],"segmentation.":[187],"Experiments":[188],"demonstrate":[189],"our":[197],"method":[198],"than":[204],"those":[205],"existing":[208],"attention":[209],"methods.":[210],"code":[212],"will":[213],"made":[215],"publicly":[216],"available.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":235},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":239},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":157},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
