{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138047537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3066912","title":"Progressive Transfer Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing","display_name":"Progressive Transfer Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138047537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3066912","mag":"3138047537","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33764876"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3066912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3066912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090036167","display_name":"Ruijie Quan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4077-1398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruijie Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["ReLER Laboratory, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ReLER Laboratory, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324098","display_name":"Yu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-8253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ReLER Laboratory, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ReLER Laboratory, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003076238","display_name":"Xin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-5649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ReLER Laboratory, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ReLER Laboratory, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005421447","display_name":"Yi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-880X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ReLER Laboratory, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ReLER Laboratory, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090036167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.3098,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98382659,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"3946","last_page":"3955"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9361666440963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7835360765457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5857126712799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.569085955619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5270319581031799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5214054584503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.46135851740837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4581742286682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.45515531301498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.44727569818496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4200163781642914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.41786688566207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.414111465215683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13194438815116882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9361666440963745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7835360765457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5857126712799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.569085955619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5270319581031799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5214054584503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.46135851740837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4581742286682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45515531301498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.44727569818496704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4200163781642914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.41786688566207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.414111465215683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13194438815116882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3066912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3066912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33764876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33764876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G264918546","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP200100938","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309327","display_name":"Google","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W841113906","https://openalex.org/W1487288055","https://openalex.org/W1906634369","https://openalex.org/W1982209341","https://openalex.org/W2003092530","https://openalex.org/W2035336426","https://openalex.org/W2042883034","https://openalex.org/W2095252718","https://openalex.org/W2106852298","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2129622867","https://openalex.org/W2132984949","https://openalex.org/W2145131129","https://openalex.org/W2151343288","https://openalex.org/W2159270577","https://openalex.org/W2163487272","https://openalex.org/W2163744678","https://openalex.org/W2166493072","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2341318667","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2345837149","https://openalex.org/W2519055561","https://openalex.org/W2588595876","https://openalex.org/W2625940279","https://openalex.org/W2728977829","https://openalex.org/W2787613668","https://openalex.org/W2885013511","https://openalex.org/W2909240857","https://openalex.org/W2909398625","https://openalex.org/W2952476201","https://openalex.org/W2956066883","https://openalex.org/W2961917444","https://openalex.org/W2963656031","https://openalex.org/W2963705779","https://openalex.org/W2964003763","https://openalex.org/W2964245886","https://openalex.org/W2964327384","https://openalex.org/W3035263140","https://openalex.org/W3035459165","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3045675435","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W3124998866","https://openalex.org/W4298018319","https://openalex.org/W6623333368","https://openalex.org/W6679390333","https://openalex.org/W6684232753","https://openalex.org/W6684314024","https://openalex.org/W6726336932","https://openalex.org/W6736021936"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W3012240659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"anti-spoofing":[1,32,223],"(FAS)":[2],"techniques":[3],"play":[4],"an":[5,65,156],"important":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,50,62,129,221,227,257],"defending":[9],"face":[10,27,85,98,123],"recognition":[11],"systems":[12],"against":[13],"spoofing":[14,26,39,48,86,124,166,189,255],"attacks.":[15],"Existing":[16],"FAS":[17,60,68],"methods":[18,244,266],"often":[19],"require":[20],"a":[21,78,90,146,150,258],"large":[22],"number":[23],"of":[24,38,59,117,132,145,164,173,187,199,274],"annotated":[25],"data":[28,40,94,106,125,186,198,250,256],"to":[29,83,113,141,160,179],"train":[30,180],"effective":[31],"models.":[33],"Considering":[34],"the":[35,47,57,104,115,130,138,143,162,170,192,204,214,229,242,272],"attacking":[36,201],"nature":[37,172],"and":[41,217,231],"its":[42],"diverse":[43],"variants,":[44],"obtaining":[45],"all":[46],"types":[49,190,202],"advance":[51],"is":[52,70,218,238],"difficult.":[53],"This":[54],"would":[55],"limit":[56],"performance":[58],"networks":[61],"practice.":[63],"Thus,":[64,135],"online":[66],"learning":[67,80,277],"method":[69,211,237,262],"highly":[71],"desirable.":[72],"In":[73,207],"this":[74,208],"paper,":[75],"we":[76,101,136,154,176],"present":[77],"semi-supervised":[79],"based":[81],"framework":[82],"tackle":[84],"attacks":[87],"with":[88,107,241,271],"only":[89,185],"few":[91],"labeled":[92,249,254],"training":[93,112,118],"(e.g.,":[95],"\u223c":[96],"50":[97],"images).":[99],"Specifically,":[100],"progressively":[102],"adopt":[103],"unlabeled":[105,197],"reliable":[108],"pseudo":[109,147],"labels":[110],"during":[111],"enrich":[114],"variety":[116],"data.":[119,167],"We":[120],"observed":[121],"that":[122,235],"are":[126,177],"naturally":[127],"presented":[128],"format":[131],"video":[133],"streams.":[134],"exploit":[137],"temporal":[139],"consistency":[140],"consolidate":[142],"reliability":[144],"label":[148],"for":[149],"selected":[151],"image.":[152],"Furthermore,":[153],"propose":[155],"adaptive":[157],"transfer":[158],"mechanism":[159],"ameliorate":[161],"influence":[163],"unseen":[165,200],"Benefiting":[168],"from":[169],"progressively-labeling":[171],"our":[174,181,210,236,261,275],"method,":[175],"able":[178],"network":[182],"on":[183,239,267],"not":[184],"seen":[188],"(i.e.,":[191,203],"source":[193],"domain)":[194],"but":[195,245],"also":[196],"target":[205],"domain).":[206],"way,":[209],"can":[212],"reduce":[213],"domain":[215],"gap":[216],"more":[219],"practical":[220],"real-world":[222],"scenarios.":[224],"Extensive":[225],"experiments":[226],"both":[228],"intra-database":[230],"inter-database":[232],"scenarios":[233,270],"demonstrate":[234],"par":[240],"state-of-the-art":[243],"employs":[246],"remarkably":[247],"less":[248],"(less":[251],"than":[252],"0.1%":[253],"dataset).":[259],"Moreover,":[260],"significantly":[263],"outperforms":[264],"fully-supervised":[265],"cross-domain":[268],"testing":[269],"help":[273],"progressive":[276],"fashion.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}