{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3140461372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3066907","title":"Fast kNN Search in Weighted Hamming Space With Multiple Tables","display_name":"Fast kNN Search in Weighted Hamming Space With Multiple Tables","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3140461372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3066907","mag":"3140461372","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33780338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3066907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3066907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110740283","display_name":"Jie Gui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9450-1759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Gui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9450-1759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074890965","display_name":"Yuan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-8210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-8210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087744818","display_name":"Heng Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8770-3934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heng Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8770-3934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111982109","display_name":"Keqiu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keqiu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin~, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin~, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010419481","display_name":"Jieping Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8662-5818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieping Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362891","display_name":"Chao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7363-1987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7363-1987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101468884","display_name":"Xiaowei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-5579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110740283"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7767,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72964501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"3985","last_page":"3994"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.8413957357406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-space","display_name":"Hamming space","score":0.6984188556671143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.677655041217804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.543775737285614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5120308995246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.45243269205093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.44012683629989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming","display_name":"Hamming(7,4)","score":0.4197947382926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37016868591308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.35216283798217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3291897177696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.220706045627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.08150020241737366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.8413957357406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779494224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645799","display_name":"Hamming space","level":5,"score":0.6984188556671143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.677655041217804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.543775737285614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5120308995246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.45243269205093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44012683629989624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112932734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2322550","display_name":"Hamming(7,4)","level":5,"score":0.4197947382926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37016868591308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.35216283798217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3291897177696228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.220706045627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.08150020241737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3066907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3066907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33780338","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33780338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2794451241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902367","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4618978314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020QF041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4773311257","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572463","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4814462255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1701802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6341265410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202113037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7733246160","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566135517","https://openalex.org/W2007579248","https://openalex.org/W2015509951","https://openalex.org/W2039208785","https://openalex.org/W2041878876","https://openalex.org/W2074668987","https://openalex.org/W2084363474","https://openalex.org/W2100839471","https://openalex.org/W2132234208","https://openalex.org/W2134514757","https://openalex.org/W2147717514","https://openalex.org/W2148567861","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2162064258","https://openalex.org/W2170314267","https://openalex.org/W2221852422","https://openalex.org/W2251864938","https://openalex.org/W2293597654","https://openalex.org/W2294155285","https://openalex.org/W2355041310","https://openalex.org/W2402125293","https://openalex.org/W2403689645","https://openalex.org/W2411707397","https://openalex.org/W2425857666","https://openalex.org/W2461086877","https://openalex.org/W2473499128","https://openalex.org/W2565611351","https://openalex.org/W2578023488","https://openalex.org/W2621176975","https://openalex.org/W2624945720","https://openalex.org/W2739981449","https://openalex.org/W2743165962","https://openalex.org/W2768428796","https://openalex.org/W2781821509","https://openalex.org/W2801086478","https://openalex.org/W2894879246","https://openalex.org/W2896239774","https://openalex.org/W2912584497","https://openalex.org/W2922521335","https://openalex.org/W2940631331","https://openalex.org/W2963276379","https://openalex.org/W2976061040","https://openalex.org/W3099385964","https://openalex.org/W3104374384","https://openalex.org/W3123256893","https://openalex.org/W6688844344","https://openalex.org/W6691474080","https://openalex.org/W6696680836","https://openalex.org/W6697214482","https://openalex.org/W6712733126","https://openalex.org/W6713632385","https://openalex.org/W6738979955","https://openalex.org/W6758894599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371167013","https://openalex.org/W2613408642","https://openalex.org/W2182731056","https://openalex.org/W2158117886","https://openalex.org/W1519122282","https://openalex.org/W1503555387","https://openalex.org/W2140899540","https://openalex.org/W4235868261","https://openalex.org/W4380994333","https://openalex.org/W3203349595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hashing":[0],"methods":[1,25,83],"have":[2,69],"been":[3,70,115],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"in":[6,44,76,84,142,148,175,203],"Approximate":[7],"Nearest":[8],"Neighbor":[9,38],"(ANN)":[10],"search":[11,22,30,42,64,112,137,174],"for":[12,31,102,170],"big":[13,32],"data":[14,33],"due":[15],"to":[16,56,61,72,193],"low":[17],"storage":[18],"requirements":[19],"and":[20,99],"high":[21],"efficiency.":[23],"These":[24],"usually":[26],"map":[27],"the":[28,35,52,150,158,166],"ANN":[29],"into":[34,157],"k":[36,40,135,172],"-Nearest":[37],"(":[39],"NN)":[41],"problem":[43],"Hamming":[45,48,78,86,120,125,144,177,205],"space.":[46,79,206],"However,":[47],"distance":[49,121],"calculation":[50],"ignores":[51],"bit-level":[53,67,153],"distinction,":[54],"leading":[55],"confusing":[57],"ranking.":[58],"In":[59],"order":[60],"further":[62],"increase":[63],"accuracy,":[65],"various":[66],"weights":[68,154],"proposed":[71],"rank":[73],"hash":[74],"codes":[75],"weighted":[77,85,124,176,204],"Nevertheless,":[80],"existing":[81],"ranking":[82],"space":[87,145,178],"are":[88],"almost":[89],"based":[90],"on":[91,119],"exhaustive":[92,180],"linear":[93,181,197],"scan,":[94],"which":[95,149],"is":[96,109,155],"time":[97],"consuming":[98],"not":[100],"suitable":[101],"large":[103],"datasets.":[104],"Although":[105],"Multi-Index":[106],"hashing":[107],"that":[108,186],"a":[110],"sub-linear":[111],"method":[113],"has":[114],"proposed,":[116],"it":[117],"relies":[118],"rather":[122],"than":[123],"distance.":[126],"To":[127],"address":[128],"this":[129],"issue,":[130],"we":[131,163],"propose":[132],"an":[133],"exact":[134,171],"NN":[136,173],"approach":[138],"with":[139],"Multiple":[140],"Tables":[141],"Weighted":[143],"named":[146],"WHMT,":[147,162],"distribution":[151],"of":[152],"incorporated":[156],"multi-index":[159],"building.":[160],"By":[161],"can":[164,188],"get":[165],"optimal":[167],"candidate":[168],"set":[169],"without":[179,200],"scan.":[182],"Experimental":[183],"results":[184],"show":[185],"WHMT":[187],"achieve":[189],"dramatic":[190],"speedup":[191],"up":[192],"69.8":[194],"times":[195],"over":[196],"scan":[198],"baseline":[199],"losing":[201],"accuracy":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}