{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126423155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3055629","title":"Learning Steering Kernels for Guided Depth Completion","display_name":"Learning Steering Kernels for Guided Depth Completion","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126423155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3055629","mag":"3126423155","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33539295"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3055629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3055629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329790","display_name":"Lina Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6483-1557"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lina Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology and Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology and Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018811297","display_name":"Yiyi Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6662-3022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135521","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq9j139","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyi Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Autonomous Vision Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems and University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Autonomous Vision Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems and University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135521","https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371992","display_name":"Yue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0981-935X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology and Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology and Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016606943","display_name":"Andreas Geiger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8151-3726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135521","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04fq9j139","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210135521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Geiger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Autonomous Vision Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems and University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Autonomous Vision Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems and University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135521","https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724297","display_name":"Yong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-8939"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology and Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology and Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100329790"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8757,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94791262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"2850","last_page":"2861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6772912740707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-map","display_name":"Depth map","score":0.6211208701133728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6156792044639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5860351920127869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5527714490890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.5403182506561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.44129112362861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.4294183850288391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42611706256866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4114754796028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4087268114089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3644534647464752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33698296546936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3345041275024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2856723666191101}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6772912740707397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141268832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2940499","display_name":"Depth map","level":3,"score":0.6211208701133728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6156792044639587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5860351920127869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5527714490890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.5403182506561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.44129112362861633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.4294183850288391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42611706256866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4114754796028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4087268114089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3644534647464752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33698296546936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3345041275024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2856723666191101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3055629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3055629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33539295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33539295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8732266741","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61836015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53941081","https://openalex.org/W125693051","https://openalex.org/W1491073809","https://openalex.org/W1495858509","https://openalex.org/W1568788419","https://openalex.org/W1597254465","https://openalex.org/W1602724287","https://openalex.org/W1803059841","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1872406745","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1905829557","https://openalex.org/W1971713783","https://openalex.org/W2001022596","https://openalex.org/W2006262236","https://openalex.org/W2026726159","https://openalex.org/W2093500899","https://openalex.org/W2104599718","https://openalex.org/W2104620097","https://openalex.org/W2109945199","https://openalex.org/W2118273112","https://openalex.org/W2132947399","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2153388956","https://openalex.org/W2158211626","https://openalex.org/W2171740948","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2211925278","https://openalex.org/W2219747066","https://openalex.org/W2254462240","https://openalex.org/W2264432461","https://openalex.org/W2288223183","https://openalex.org/W2403726878","https://openalex.org/W2410664773","https://openalex.org/W2419168511","https://openalex.org/W2500602996","https://openalex.org/W2520322935","https://openalex.org/W2520707372","https://openalex.org/W2535547924","https://openalex.org/W2554243884","https://openalex.org/W2609883120","https://openalex.org/W2752475006","https://openalex.org/W2794739174","https://openalex.org/W2796461436","https://openalex.org/W2885093229","https://openalex.org/W2886851716","https://openalex.org/W2897501237","https://openalex.org/W2899479761","https://openalex.org/W2951234442","https://openalex.org/W2962741876","https://openalex.org/W2963045776","https://openalex.org/W2963316641","https://openalex.org/W2963359474","https://openalex.org/W2963591054","https://openalex.org/W2963867516","https://openalex.org/W2963911235","https://openalex.org/W2964193874","https://openalex.org/W2969202876","https://openalex.org/W2991593752","https://openalex.org/W2998293366","https://openalex.org/W3081167590","https://openalex.org/W3101609628","https://openalex.org/W3102327032","https://openalex.org/W6605121731","https://openalex.org/W6629222711","https://openalex.org/W6629908152","https://openalex.org/W6634012619","https://openalex.org/W6635670341","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6676600194","https://openalex.org/W6683067110","https://openalex.org/W6685261749","https://openalex.org/W6688384279","https://openalex.org/W6688548165","https://openalex.org/W6713578759","https://openalex.org/W6744024020","https://openalex.org/W6782298681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285277090","https://openalex.org/W4327738859","https://openalex.org/W2348722996","https://openalex.org/W2334570605","https://openalex.org/W3181683615","https://openalex.org/W4286826125","https://openalex.org/W1633485514","https://openalex.org/W1604739066","https://openalex.org/W2115878407","https://openalex.org/W2560215812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,10,73,109,119,202,211,217],"guided":[4,54,190],"depth":[5,17,26,44,55,94,111,121,126,138,173,191,219],"completion":[6,56,192],"task":[7],"in":[8],"which":[9,129],"goal":[11],"is":[12,57],"to":[13,58,131,135,171,177,210],"predict":[14],"a":[15,20,46,81,102,124,141],"dense":[16,43],"map":[18,122],"given":[19],"guidance":[21],"RGB":[22],"image":[23,74],"and":[24,42,96,197,213],"sparse":[25,64,89,110,161,218],"measurements.":[27,220],"Recent":[28],"advances":[29],"on":[30,88,194],"this":[31,77],"problem":[32],"nurture":[33],"hopes":[34],"that":[35,85,107,148,184],"one":[36],"day":[37],"we":[38,79,100],"can":[39],"acquire":[40],"accurate":[41],"at":[45],"very":[47,160],"low":[48],"cost.":[49],"A":[50],"major":[51],"challenge":[52],"of":[53,62,72,205,216],"effectively":[59],"make":[60],"use":[61],"extremely":[63],"measurements,":[65],"e.g.,":[66],"measurements":[67,112,162],"covering":[68],"less":[69],"than":[70],"1%":[71],"pixels.":[75],"In":[76],"paper,":[78],"propose":[80,101],"fully":[82],"differentiable":[83,103,150],"model":[84],"avoids":[86],"convolving":[87],"tensors":[90],"by":[91],"jointly":[92],"learning":[93,136],"interpolation":[95,174],"refinement.":[97],"More":[98],"specifically,":[99],"kernel":[104,151],"regression":[105,152],"layer":[106,128,153],"interpolates":[108],"via":[113],"learned":[114],"kernels.":[115],"We":[116,144,182,199],"further":[117,200],"refine":[118],"interpolated":[120],"using":[123,140,163],"residual":[125],"refinement":[127],"leads":[130,170],"improved":[132],"performance":[133],"compared":[134,176],"absolute":[137],"prediction":[139],"vanilla":[142],"network.":[143],"provide":[145],"experimental":[146],"evidence":[147],"our":[149,185,206],"not":[154],"only":[155],"enables":[156],"end-to-end":[157],"training":[158],"from":[159],"standard":[164],"convolutional":[165],"network":[166],"architectures,":[167],"but":[168],"also":[169],"better":[172],"results":[175],"existing":[178],"heuristically":[179],"motivated":[180],"methods.":[181],"demonstrate":[183],"method":[186,207],"outperforms":[187],"many":[188],"state-of-the-art":[189],"techniques":[193],"both":[195],"NYUv2":[196],"KITTI.":[198],"show":[201],"generalization":[203],"ability":[204],"with":[208],"respect":[209],"density":[212],"spatial":[214],"statistics":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}