{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125786462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3050861","title":"Saliency Prediction on Omnidirectional Image With Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning","display_name":"Saliency Prediction on Omnidirectional Image With Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125786462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3050861","mag":"3125786462","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33460380"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3050861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3050861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079385534","display_name":"Mai Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0277-3301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mai Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645665","display_name":"Li Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-3113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101459082","display_name":"Xiaoming Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8763-9338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025137837","display_name":"Yiping Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9638-7112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiping Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103046319","display_name":"Zulin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1328-7739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zulin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079385534"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4978,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90908497,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"2087","last_page":"2102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7367392182350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7208949327468872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.47635936737060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monocular","display_name":"Monocular","score":0.4372914433479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4280291199684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4205784499645233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3676227331161499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7367392182350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7208949327468872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.47635936737060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65909025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1945033","display_name":"Monocular","level":2,"score":0.4372914433479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4280291199684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4205784499645233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3676227331161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000084542","descriptor_name":"Eye-Tracking Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3050861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3050861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33460380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33460380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3168399153","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G336532420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61922009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3643615419","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JQ20020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W175818139","https://openalex.org/W1510835000","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1942214758","https://openalex.org/W1965305672","https://openalex.org/W1993721485","https://openalex.org/W2037954058","https://openalex.org/W2041719651","https://openalex.org/W2121179941","https://openalex.org/W2128272608","https://openalex.org/W2133068870","https://openalex.org/W2135957164","https://openalex.org/W2147527908","https://openalex.org/W2157487943","https://openalex.org/W2158983298","https://openalex.org/W2168405694","https://openalex.org/W2172806452","https://openalex.org/W2212216676","https://openalex.org/W2288514685","https://openalex.org/W2315287060","https://openalex.org/W2332175535","https://openalex.org/W2469524028","https://openalex.org/W2516705110","https://openalex.org/W2557792085","https://openalex.org/W2561270043","https://openalex.org/W2563296158","https://openalex.org/W2583180462","https://openalex.org/W2612135493","https://openalex.org/W2612389806","https://openalex.org/W2616657598","https://openalex.org/W2620871200","https://openalex.org/W2622036627","https://openalex.org/W2623027537","https://openalex.org/W2623181870","https://openalex.org/W2731833015","https://openalex.org/W2738450183","https://openalex.org/W2752386593","https://openalex.org/W2770884134","https://openalex.org/W2791826171","https://openalex.org/W2794956947","https://openalex.org/W2795350989","https://openalex.org/W2796010929","https://openalex.org/W2799064164","https://openalex.org/W2803485280","https://openalex.org/W2810323393","https://openalex.org/W2884414611","https://openalex.org/W2891777191","https://openalex.org/W2895640967","https://openalex.org/W2951527505","https://openalex.org/W2962716998","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963226019","https://openalex.org/W2963277051","https://openalex.org/W2963328631","https://openalex.org/W2963339238","https://openalex.org/W2963828885","https://openalex.org/W2964114039","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964233791","https://openalex.org/W2964279441","https://openalex.org/W2964306713","https://openalex.org/W3101604971","https://openalex.org/W3122238731","https://openalex.org/W4239147634","https://openalex.org/W4289387930","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4294557331","https://openalex.org/W6607196103","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6679958247","https://openalex.org/W6680437723","https://openalex.org/W6682137061","https://openalex.org/W6684983439","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6718092244","https://openalex.org/W6718140377","https://openalex.org/W6732940373","https://openalex.org/W6743837088","https://openalex.org/W6746462176","https://openalex.org/W6750227808"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380075625","https://openalex.org/W200819717","https://openalex.org/W3097502728","https://openalex.org/W4390718435","https://openalex.org/W4390549206","https://openalex.org/W2032269556","https://openalex.org/W1991834176","https://openalex.org/W2944448661","https://openalex.org/W3137171911","https://openalex.org/W2064421702"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"watching":[1],"omnidirectional":[2],"images":[3],"(ODIs),":[4],"subjects":[5,75],"can":[6],"access":[7],"different":[8,175],"viewports":[9],"by":[10,26],"moving":[11],"their":[12],"heads.":[13],"Therefore,":[14],"it":[15,100],"is":[16,66,125,167,184],"necessary":[17],"to":[18,38,60,131,142,169],"predict":[19,39,143],"subjects'":[20],"head":[21,42,71,93,109,123,145,172,189],"fixations":[22,43,72,94,110,146,173],"on":[23,44,55],"ODIs.":[24,78],"Inspired":[25],"generative":[27],"adversarial":[28],"imitation":[29],"learning":[30,140],"(GAIL),":[31],"this":[32],"paper":[33],"proposes":[34],"a":[35,51,113],"novel":[36],"approach":[37,136,198],"saliency":[40,179,201],"of":[41,73,92,122,147,156,174,181,196,203,216],"ODIs,":[45,204],"named":[46],"SalGAIL.":[47],"First,":[48],"we":[49,80],"establish":[50],"dataset":[52,65,84,213],"for":[53],"attention":[54],"ODIs":[56],"(AOI).":[57],"In":[58],"contrast":[59],"traditional":[61,161],"datasets,":[62],"our":[63,82,134,197],"AOI":[64,83,212],"large-scale,":[67],"which":[68,151],"contains":[69],"the":[70,90,103,108,120,128,144,154,160,171,178,194],"30":[74],"viewing":[76],"600":[77],"Next,":[79],"mine":[81],"and":[85,99,118,177,214],"discover":[86],"three":[87],"findings:":[88],"(1)":[89],"consistency":[91],"are":[95,218],"consistent":[96],"among":[97],"subjects,":[98,176],"grows":[101],"alongside":[102],"increased":[104],"subject":[105],"number;":[106],"(2)":[107],"exist":[111],"with":[112],"front":[114],"center":[115],"bias":[116],"(FCB);":[117],"(3)":[119],"magnitude":[121],"movement":[124],"similar":[126],"across":[127],"subjects.":[129],"According":[130],"these":[132],"findings,":[133],"SalGAIL":[135,217],"applies":[137],"deep":[138],"reinforcement":[139],"(DRL)":[141],"one":[148],"subject,":[149],"in":[150,199],"GAIL":[152],"learns":[153],"reward":[155],"DRL,":[157],"rather":[158],"than":[159,207],"human-designed":[162],"reward.":[163],"Then,":[164],"multi-stream":[165],"DRL":[166],"developed":[168],"yield":[170],"map":[180],"an":[182],"ODI":[183],"generated":[185],"via":[186],"convoluting":[187],"predicted":[188],"fixations.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"experiments":[192],"validate":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"predicting":[200],"maps":[202],"significantly":[205],"better":[206],"11":[208],"state-of-the-art":[209],"approaches.":[210],"Our":[211],"code":[215],"available":[219],"online":[220],"at":[221],"https://github.com/yanglixiaoshen/SalGAIL.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
