{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122060216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3049951","title":"Learning to Zoom-In via Learning to Zoom-Out: Real-World Super-Resolution by Generating and Adapting Degradation","display_name":"Learning to Zoom-In via Learning to Zoom-Out: Real-World Super-Resolution by Generating and Adapting Degradation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122060216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3049951","mag":"3122060216","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33471753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3049951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3049951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059618326","display_name":"Wei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6705-1326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101768095","display_name":"Dong Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-9630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127558","display_name":"Australian Centre for Robotic Vision","ror":"https://ror.org/02zv9xv82","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Institute for Machine Learning, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Institute for Machine Learning, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033588812","display_name":"Qinfeng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9126-2107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127558","display_name":"Australian Centre for Robotic Vision","ror":"https://ror.org/02zv9xv82","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinfeng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Institute for Machine Learning, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Institute for Machine Learning, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028024287","display_name":"Anton van den Hengel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3027-8364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127558","display_name":"Australian Centre for Robotic Vision","ror":"https://ror.org/02zv9xv82","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton van den Hengel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Australian Institute for Machine Learning, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Institute for Machine Learning, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127558","https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028235866","display_name":"Yanning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2977-8057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059618326"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9781,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92617647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"2947","last_page":"2962"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9891999959945679,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7128667831420898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6665576100349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zoom","display_name":"Zoom","score":0.5973713994026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5833296775817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5269647240638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-editing","display_name":"Image editing","score":0.45592832565307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.445236474275589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degradation","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","score":0.4403597414493561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4221116900444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3233402967453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1272905170917511}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7128667831420898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6665576100349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124913957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1232548","display_name":"Zoom","level":3,"score":0.5973713994026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5833296775817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5269647240638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776674983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image editing","level":3,"score":0.45592832565307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.445236474275589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251805","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4403597414493561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4221116900444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3233402967453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1272905170917511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2021.3049951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3049951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33471753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33471753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/130132","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2440/130132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tip.2021.3049951","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G331486752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B16039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4589748232","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901384","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5968071469","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DP160100703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6509888992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61231016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7333912233","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871328","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1885185971","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2121058967","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2146782367","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2331128040","https://openalex.org/W2339754110","https://openalex.org/W2472069500","https://openalex.org/W2564023417","https://openalex.org/W2741137940","https://openalex.org/W2768814045","https://openalex.org/W2780544323","https://openalex.org/W2810518847","https://openalex.org/W2866634454","https://openalex.org/W2883102461","https://openalex.org/W2891158090","https://openalex.org/W2898073613","https://openalex.org/W2912268344","https://openalex.org/W2932253358","https://openalex.org/W2943960148","https://openalex.org/W2950217418","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962814024","https://openalex.org/W2962903125","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2963444790","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2963704386","https://openalex.org/W2963729050","https://openalex.org/W2963774720","https://openalex.org/W2963864522","https://openalex.org/W2964060609","https://openalex.org/W2964101377","https://openalex.org/W2964121592","https://openalex.org/W2964277374","https://openalex.org/W2966183206","https://openalex.org/W2970778968","https://openalex.org/W2971292464","https://openalex.org/W2983873691","https://openalex.org/W2987150909","https://openalex.org/W3000255543","https://openalex.org/W3008618604","https://openalex.org/W3012322483","https://openalex.org/W3015037427","https://openalex.org/W3034259513","https://openalex.org/W3034785019","https://openalex.org/W3035002246","https://openalex.org/W3098418424","https://openalex.org/W3100594395","https://openalex.org/W3170666462","https://openalex.org/W4288107876","https://openalex.org/W4301206121","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6687214662","https://openalex.org/W6703724764","https://openalex.org/W6752881969","https://openalex.org/W6753074096","https://openalex.org/W6754405603","https://openalex.org/W6754966153","https://openalex.org/W6758681311","https://openalex.org/W6765779288","https://openalex.org/W6766621194","https://openalex.org/W6776467567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2788595494","https://openalex.org/W2244676099","https://openalex.org/W3172556642","https://openalex.org/W3157456843","https://openalex.org/W1990150827","https://openalex.org/W2036676347","https://openalex.org/W1589307369","https://openalex.org/W2111943219","https://openalex.org/W3165790285","https://openalex.org/W3144351989"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"learning-based":[1],"super-resolution":[2],"(SR)":[3],"methods":[4,25,228],"aim":[5],"to":[6,37,54,121,159,167,173,205],"recover":[7],"high-resolution":[8],"(HR)":[9],"image":[10,16,21,57,63,103],"from":[11,67,124],"a":[12,86,96,119,138,144,155,198],"given":[13],"low-resolution":[14],"(LR)":[15],"via":[17],"learning":[18,172,197,204],"on":[19,27,80,217],"LR-HR":[20,62,102],"pairs.":[22,58],"The":[23,208],"SR":[24,123,201,215],"learned":[26],"synthetic":[28],"data":[29,192,195],"do":[30,150],"not":[31,100],"perform":[32],"well":[33],"in":[34,142,221],"real-world,":[35],"due":[36],"the":[38,42,60,72,81,179,187,190,222,226],"domain":[39,180],"gap":[40,181],"between":[41,189],"artificially":[43],"synthesized":[44],"and":[45,105,109,131,134,146,193],"real":[46,111,194],"LR":[47,130,162],"images.":[48],"Some":[49],"efforts":[50],"are":[51],"thus":[52],"taken":[53],"capture":[55,168],"real-world":[56,82,218],"However,":[59],"captured":[61],"pairs":[64],"usually":[65],"suffer":[66],"unavoidable":[68],"misalignment,":[69],"which":[70],"hampers":[71],"performance":[73],"of":[74,128,177],"end-":[75],"to-end":[76],"learning.":[77],"Here,":[78],"focusing":[79],"SR,":[83],"we":[84,94,117,152,185],"ask":[85],"different":[87],"question:":[88],"since":[89],"misalignment":[90],"is":[91],"unavoidable,":[92],"can":[93,140],"propose":[95,118],"method":[97,211],"that":[98,224],"does":[99],"need":[101],"pairing":[104],"alignment":[106],"at":[107],"all":[108],"utilizes":[110],"images":[112,133,163],"as":[113],"they":[114],"are?":[115],"Hence":[116],"framework":[120],"learn":[122],"an":[125],"arbitrary":[126],"set":[127],"unpaired":[129,210],"HR":[132],"see":[135],"how":[136],"far":[137],"step":[139],"go":[141],"such":[143],"realistic":[145,161],"\"unsupervised\"":[147],"setting.":[148],"To":[149],"so,":[151],"firstly":[153],"train":[154],"degradation":[156,199],"generation":[157],"network":[158,202],"generate":[160],"and,":[164],"more":[165],"importantly,":[166],"their":[169],"distribution":[170],"(i.e.,":[171,203],"zoom":[174,206],"out).":[175],"Instead":[176],"assuming":[178],"has":[182],"been":[183],"eliminated,":[184],"minimize":[186],"discrepancy":[188],"generated":[191],"while":[196],"adaptive":[200],"in).":[207],"proposed":[209],"achieves":[212],"state-of-":[213],"the-art":[214],"results":[216],"images,":[219],"even":[220],"datasets":[223],"favour":[225],"paired-learning":[227],"more.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}