{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981035923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2019.2946979","title":"Spaghetti Labeling: Directed Acyclic Graphs for Block-Based Connected Components Labeling","display_name":"Spaghetti Labeling: Directed Acyclic Graphs for Block-Based Connected Components Labeling","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981035923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2019.2946979","mag":"2981035923","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31634837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2019.2946979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2019.2946979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1181437","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028716245","display_name":"Federico Bolelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5299-6351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161797","display_name":"Ferrari (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p859a12","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Federico Bolelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari,\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari,\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048106642","display_name":"Stefano Allegretti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3461-7565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161797","display_name":"Ferrari (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p859a12","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Allegretti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari,\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari,\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048928616","display_name":"Lorenzo Baraldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5125-4957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161797","display_name":"Ferrari (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p859a12","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Baraldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari,\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari,\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003393933","display_name":"Costantino Grana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4792-2358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","display_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","ror":"https://ror.org/02d4c4y02","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161797","display_name":"Ferrari (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p859a12","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Costantino Grana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari,\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria \u201cEnzo Ferrari,\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028716245"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122346577","https://openalex.org/I4210161797"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92666971,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"1999","last_page":"2012"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12923","display_name":"Digital Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7742658853530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graph","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","score":0.766542375087738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.679703950881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5384843349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4897427558898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4401092231273651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.43281662464141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.43163684010505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4206681549549103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.41348570585250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36724966764450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3266407251358032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2831745147705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13510453701019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09943610429763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.08669805526733398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7742658853530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.766542375087738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.679703950881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5384843349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4897427558898926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4401092231273651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.43281662464141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.43163684010505676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4206681549549103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41348570585250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36724966764450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3266407251358032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2831745147705078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13510453701019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09943610429763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.08669805526733398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2019.2946979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2019.2946979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31634837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31634837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1181437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1181437","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1181437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1181437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1181437","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1181437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2981035923.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W763587052","https://openalex.org/W960895484","https://openalex.org/W1844644571","https://openalex.org/W1852780412","https://openalex.org/W1893756414","https://openalex.org/W1964338286","https://openalex.org/W1966382373","https://openalex.org/W1975745828","https://openalex.org/W1980767234","https://openalex.org/W1991239220","https://openalex.org/W2002016151","https://openalex.org/W2011665342","https://openalex.org/W2039002332","https://openalex.org/W2039570780","https://openalex.org/W2040582952","https://openalex.org/W2053145534","https://openalex.org/W2069011212","https://openalex.org/W2070784585","https://openalex.org/W2088328875","https://openalex.org/W2095595785","https://openalex.org/W2103953153","https://openalex.org/W2115521901","https://openalex.org/W2120646872","https://openalex.org/W2128060444","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2145761813","https://openalex.org/W2148556285","https://openalex.org/W2155803963","https://openalex.org/W2158240273","https://openalex.org/W2265363612","https://openalex.org/W2267639398","https://openalex.org/W2536865735","https://openalex.org/W2606438808","https://openalex.org/W2608311224","https://openalex.org/W2761448188","https://openalex.org/W2763221748","https://openalex.org/W2779409451","https://openalex.org/W2780222960","https://openalex.org/W2791663731","https://openalex.org/W2883609492","https://openalex.org/W2888986884","https://openalex.org/W2902330272","https://openalex.org/W2945008339","https://openalex.org/W2963220377","https://openalex.org/W2966132712","https://openalex.org/W2969146057","https://openalex.org/W4230579564","https://openalex.org/W6622460338","https://openalex.org/W6625428161","https://openalex.org/W6672648227","https://openalex.org/W6749016250","https://openalex.org/W6754262784","https://openalex.org/W6763180955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964111820","https://openalex.org/W1485630101","https://openalex.org/W2083338789","https://openalex.org/W2160821830","https://openalex.org/W3214579105","https://openalex.org/W2477215876","https://openalex.org/W2142538832","https://openalex.org/W3170567417","https://openalex.org/W4287163544","https://openalex.org/W2797650215"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Connected":[0],"Components":[1],"Labeling":[2],"is":[3,117,130],"an":[4,39],"essential":[5],"step":[6],"of":[7,19,45,65,69,75,82,95,148],"many":[8,29],"Image":[9],"Processing":[10],"and":[11,48,72,111,140],"Computer":[12],"Vision":[13],"tasks.":[14],"Since":[15],"the":[16,27,33,43,63,66,73,76,80,93,114,151,158],"first":[17],"proposal":[18],"a":[20,97,105,120],"labeling":[21],"algorithm,":[22],"which":[23,129],"dates":[24],"back":[25],"to":[26,37,57,62,88],"sixties,":[28],"approaches":[30,164],"have":[31,51],"optimized":[32,146],"computational":[34],"load":[35],"needed":[36],"label":[38],"image.":[40],"In":[41,100],"particular,":[42],"use":[44],"decision":[46],"forests":[47],"state":[49,109],"prediction":[50,70,110],"recently":[52],"appeared":[53],"as":[54,119],"valuable":[55],"strategies":[56,84],"improve":[58],"performance.":[59],"However,":[60],"due":[61],"overhead":[64],"manual":[67,134],"construction":[68],"states":[71],"size":[74],"resulting":[77,115],"machine":[78],"code,":[79],"application":[81],"these":[83],"has":[85],"been":[86],"restricted":[87],"small":[89],"masks,":[90],"thus":[91],"ignoring":[92],"benefit":[94],"using":[96],"block-based":[98,106],"approach.":[99],"this":[101],"paper,":[102],"we":[103],"combine":[104],"mask":[107],"with":[108,125,145],"code":[112],"compression:":[113],"algorithm":[116],"modeled":[118],"Directed":[121],"Rooted":[122],"Acyclic":[123],"Graph":[124],"multiple":[126],"entry":[127],"points,":[128],"automatically":[131],"generated":[132],"without":[133],"intervention.":[135],"When":[136],"tested":[137],"on":[138],"synthetic":[139],"real":[141],"datasets,":[142],"in":[143,165],"comparison":[144],"implementations":[147],"state-of-the-art":[149],"algorithms,":[150],"proposed":[152],"approach":[153],"shows":[154],"superior":[155],"performance,":[156],"surpassing":[157],"results":[159],"obtained":[160],"by":[161],"all":[162,166],"compared":[163],"settings.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}