{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2933024809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2019.2908795","title":"Foreground Fisher Vector: Encoding Class-Relevant Foreground to Improve Image Classification","display_name":"Foreground Fisher Vector: Encoding Class-Relevant Foreground to Improve Image Classification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2933024809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2019.2908795","mag":"2933024809","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30946666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2019.2908795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2019.2908795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005676360","display_name":"Yongsheng Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8067-1132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongsheng Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8067-1132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100670074","display_name":"Yong Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-2847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Multidisciplinary Convergence Computing (CMCC), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","Centre for Multidisciplinary Convergence Computing (CMCC), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-2847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Multidisciplinary Convergence Computing (CMCC), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Multidisciplinary Convergence Computing (CMCC), School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000937401","display_name":"Dinggang Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7934-5698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinggang Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and the Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7934-5698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and the Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.503,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90073756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"10","first_page":"4716","last_page":"4729"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7943010330200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7927890419960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7800300121307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.6867837905883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6663517951965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6621556282043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.6222338676452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.5765105485916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5605331659317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5338282585144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.52765953540802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.47379252314567566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7943010330200195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7927890419960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7800300121307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.6867837905883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6663517951965332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6621556282043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.6222338676452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.5765105485916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5605331659317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5338282585144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.52765953540802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.47379252314567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2019.2908795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2019.2908795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30946666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30946666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1675726584","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7fa4\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u76ee\u6807\u8bc6\u522b\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61471297","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3201804429","display_name":"\u667a\u80fd\u5316\u80ba\u7ed3\u8282\u8f85\u52a9\u8bca\u65ad\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771397","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4021279249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CX201835","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","funder_display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591046810","https://openalex.org/W819977924","https://openalex.org/W1146399046","https://openalex.org/W1496650988","https://openalex.org/W1576445103","https://openalex.org/W1606858007","https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1797268635","https://openalex.org/W1846799578","https://openalex.org/W1903466831","https://openalex.org/W1924160326","https://openalex.org/W1925596459","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W1966385142","https://openalex.org/W1977295328","https://openalex.org/W1994002998","https://openalex.org/W2005385547","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2066941820","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2104657103","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2130306094","https://openalex.org/W2134670479","https://openalex.org/W2138011018","https://openalex.org/W2147238549","https://openalex.org/W2150856297","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152161678","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2166473218","https://openalex.org/W2181967766","https://openalex.org/W2194011657","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2237880439","https://openalex.org/W2289708887","https://openalex.org/W2324076434","https://openalex.org/W2345500696","https://openalex.org/W2395325225","https://openalex.org/W2405321743","https://openalex.org/W2465595546","https://openalex.org/W2468075278","https://openalex.org/W2500786414","https://openalex.org/W2515116636","https://openalex.org/W2517292647","https://openalex.org/W2527800741","https://openalex.org/W2531044305","https://openalex.org/W2544405876","https://openalex.org/W2554320282","https://openalex.org/W2555741539","https://openalex.org/W2558914813","https://openalex.org/W2591696231","https://openalex.org/W2591924527","https://openalex.org/W2604195031","https://openalex.org/W2604540523","https://openalex.org/W2605480273","https://openalex.org/W2617318081","https://openalex.org/W2731821979","https://openalex.org/W2737293151","https://openalex.org/W2765268259","https://openalex.org/W2952271367","https://openalex.org/W2952329796","https://openalex.org/W2952409693","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963001329","https://openalex.org/W2963066927","https://openalex.org/W2963090248","https://openalex.org/W2963143328","https://openalex.org/W2963173190","https://openalex.org/W2964036919","https://openalex.org/W2964176323","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3101522362","https://openalex.org/W3102084631","https://openalex.org/W3102992261","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W6636412649","https://openalex.org/W6636494156","https://openalex.org/W6638319203","https://openalex.org/W6679349572","https://openalex.org/W6679792166","https://openalex.org/W6684116732","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6694260854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W2911497689","https://openalex.org/W4360783045","https://openalex.org/W2129933262","https://openalex.org/W2963346891","https://openalex.org/W3176438653","https://openalex.org/W2770149305","https://openalex.org/W2972076240","https://openalex.org/W3167930666","https://openalex.org/W3014952856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0],"classification":[1,145,167],"is":[2],"an":[3],"essential":[4],"and":[5,23,61,128,137,159,166,190,192],"challenging":[6],"task":[7],"in":[8,38,45],"computer":[9],"vision.":[10],"Despite":[11],"its":[12,62],"prevalence,":[13],"the":[14,17,24,34,39,55,73,77,81,86,89,98,112,124,133,153,174,193,199],"combination":[15],"of":[16,88,100,155,163,168,201],"deep":[18],"convolutional":[19],"neural":[20],"network":[21],"(DCNN)":[22],"Fisher":[25],"vector":[26],"(FV)":[27],"encoding":[28,42,59,82,177],"method":[29],"has":[30],"limited":[31],"performance":[32,200],"since":[33],"class-irrelevant":[35,78],"background":[36,79],"used":[37,126],"traditional":[40],"FV":[41,57,127,130,189],"may":[43],"result":[44],"less":[46],"discriminative":[47,182],"image":[48,66,101,144,150,183,202],"features.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"paper,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"foreground":[56,75,114],"(fgFV)":[58],"algorithm":[60,178,196],"fast":[63],"approximation":[64],"for":[65,152],"classification.":[67,203],"We":[68,118],"try":[69],"to":[70,93,115,141],"separate":[71],"implicitly":[72],"class-relevant":[74,113],"from":[76,111,185],"during":[80],"process":[83],"via":[84],"tuning":[85],"weights":[87],"partial":[90],"gradients":[91],"corresponding":[92],"each":[94],"Gaussian":[95],"component":[96],"under":[97,132],"supervision":[99],"labels":[102],"and,":[103],"then,":[104],"use":[105],"only":[106],"those":[107],"local":[108,186],"descriptors":[109,187],"extracted":[110],"estimate":[116],"FVs.":[117],"have":[119],"evaluated":[120],"our":[121],"fgFV":[122,176],"against":[123],"widely":[125],"improved":[129],"(iFV)":[131],"combined":[134,194],"DCNN-FV":[135],"framework":[136],"also":[138],"compared":[139],"them":[140],"several":[142],"state-of-the-art":[143],"approaches":[146],"on":[147],"ten":[148],"benchmark":[149],"datasets":[151],"recognition":[154],"fine-grained":[156],"natural":[157],"species":[158],"artificial":[160],"manufactures,":[161],"categorization":[162],"course":[164],"objects,":[165],"scenes.":[169],"Our":[170],"results":[171],"indicate":[172],"that":[173],"proposed":[175],"can":[179,197],"construct":[180],"more":[181],"presentations":[184],"than":[188],"iFV,":[191],"DCNN-fgFV":[195],"improve":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T17:18:41.151588","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
