{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2885073348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2018.2864920","title":"A Deep Multi-Modal CNN for Multi-Instance Multi-Label Image Classification","display_name":"A Deep Multi-Modal CNN for Multi-Instance Multi-Label Image Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2885073348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2018.2864920","mag":"2885073348","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30106729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2018.2864920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2018.2864920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090707276","display_name":"Lingyun Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7892-2617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyun Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Lab of Big Data Analytics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7892-2617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Lab of Big Data Analytics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361891","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6004-0675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Lab of Big Data Analytics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Lab of Big Data Analytics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074506574","display_name":"Buyue Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-5677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Buyue Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Lab of Big Data Analytics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Lab of Big Data Analytics, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101656840","display_name":"Mingxuan Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0119-601X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingxuan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA","School of Foreign Studies, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Foreign Studies, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101551380","display_name":"Kuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-0749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SPKLSTN Lab, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SPKLSTN Lab, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085248515","display_name":"Meng Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7435-3752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA","School of Foreign Studies, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Foreign Studies, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038355295","display_name":"Samar Abbas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samar Abbas","raw_affiliation_strings":["SPKLSTN Lab, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SPKLSTN Lab, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.3536,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":114,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98041853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"12","first_page":"6025","last_page":"6038"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7874457240104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7703485488891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7206734418869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6763631701469421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.6214184165000916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.619181215763092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.538718044757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5321862697601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.5233772993087769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-label-classification","display_name":"Multi-label classification","score":0.5004796981811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32133352756500244}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7874457240104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7703485488891602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7206734418869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6763631701469421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6214184165000916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.619181215763092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.538718044757843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5321862697601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5233772993087769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776482837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3553958","display_name":"Multi-label classification","level":2,"score":0.5004796981811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32133352756500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2018.2864920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2018.2864920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30106729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30106729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3340281837","display_name":"\u788e\u7247\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u805a\u5408\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61532015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4593145466","display_name":"\u591a\u6e90RDF\u6570\u636e\u51b2\u7a81\u6d88\u89e3\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6122029691","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u5f00\u653e\u77e5\u8bc6\u6e90\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u788e\u7247\u5206\u9762\u805a\u5408\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61672419","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6746171846","display_name":"\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5728\u7ebf\u534f\u540c\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u673a\u7406\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61532004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G724705022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB1004500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8257415233","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201706280198","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486649854","https://openalex.org/W1514027499","https://openalex.org/W1523738436","https://openalex.org/W1540386283","https://openalex.org/W1567302070","https://openalex.org/W1631454559","https://openalex.org/W1632525740","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1794760533","https://openalex.org/W1818724389","https://openalex.org/W1900086069","https://openalex.org/W1927170233","https://openalex.org/W1940008012","https://openalex.org/W1968978358","https://openalex.org/W1987371344","https://openalex.org/W1992851697","https://openalex.org/W2022799064","https://openalex.org/W2027266161","https://openalex.org/W2048335335","https://openalex.org/W2053784471","https://openalex.org/W2090630554","https://openalex.org/W2098929365","https://openalex.org/W2123024445","https://openalex.org/W2123053055","https://openalex.org/W2135533176","https://openalex.org/W2137917285","https://openalex.org/W2148680321","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2155541015","https://openalex.org/W2155803963","https://openalex.org/W2159291411","https://openalex.org/W2159564241","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164587673","https://openalex.org/W2168975192","https://openalex.org/W2179352600","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2187223183","https://openalex.org/W2189540548","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2200666166","https://openalex.org/W2257307118","https://openalex.org/W2294280119","https://openalex.org/W2326180695","https://openalex.org/W2345837149","https://openalex.org/W2418058303","https://openalex.org/W2474574787","https://openalex.org/W2517325737","https://openalex.org/W2519969774","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2555044549","https://openalex.org/W2586937979","https://openalex.org/W2605021547","https://openalex.org/W2735357721","https://openalex.org/W2735451741","https://openalex.org/W2744581883","https://openalex.org/W2753895114","https://openalex.org/W2764242590","https://openalex.org/W2963346784","https://openalex.org/W2963553009","https://openalex.org/W3098722327","https://openalex.org/W3099863749","https://openalex.org/W3103912303","https://openalex.org/W4294375521","https://openalex.org/W6606244218","https://openalex.org/W6629028937","https://openalex.org/W6630792627","https://openalex.org/W6631340511","https://openalex.org/W6632200337","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6640485552","https://openalex.org/W6668619392","https://openalex.org/W6678470764","https://openalex.org/W6680102115","https://openalex.org/W6682778277","https://openalex.org/W6682859755","https://openalex.org/W6683633756","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6686713145","https://openalex.org/W6687786536","https://openalex.org/W6697087043","https://openalex.org/W6736095516"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952813363","https://openalex.org/W4378678253","https://openalex.org/W2911497689","https://openalex.org/W4360783045","https://openalex.org/W2770149305","https://openalex.org/W2972076240","https://openalex.org/W4205999209","https://openalex.org/W3167930666","https://openalex.org/W3014952856","https://openalex.org/W2964843961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"convolutional":[1],"neural":[2],"networks":[3],"(CNNs)":[4],"have":[5],"shown":[6],"superior":[7],"performance":[8],"on":[9,179,194],"the":[10,17,51,59,106,132,141,155,191],"task":[11],"of":[12,19,31,99,108,134,140,158],"single-label":[13],"image":[14,36,79,95,102,183,196],"classification.":[15],"However,":[16],"applicability":[18],"CNNs":[20,85,110],"to":[21,55,161,174],"multi-label":[22,78,88,182,195],"images":[23],"still":[24],"remains":[25],"an":[26,41],"open":[27],"problem,":[28],"mainly":[29],"because":[30],"two":[32],"reasons.":[33],"First,":[34],"each":[35,94],"is":[37],"usually":[38],"treated":[39],"as":[40,46,96],"inseparable":[42],"entity":[43],"and":[44,104,111,151],"represented":[45],"one":[47],"instance,":[48],"which":[49,165],"mixes":[50],"visual":[52],"information":[53],"corresponding":[54],"different":[56,175],"labels.":[57],"Second,":[58],"correlations":[60,143],"amongst":[61],"labels":[62,146],"are":[63,166],"often":[64],"overlooked.":[65],"To":[66],"address":[67],"these":[68],"limitations,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"a":[72,97],"deep":[73],"multi-modal":[74,163],"CNN":[75],"for":[76,101,128],"multi-instance":[77,87],"classification,":[80],"called":[81],"MMCNN-MIML.":[82],"By":[83],"combining":[84],"with":[86],"(MIML)":[89],"learning,":[90],"our":[91],"model":[92],"represents":[93],"bag":[98],"instances":[100],"classification":[103,197],"inherits":[105],"merits":[107],"both":[109],"MIML.":[112],"In":[113],"particular,":[114],"MMCNN-MIML":[115,188],"has":[116],"three":[117],"main":[118],"appealing":[119],"properties:":[120],"1)":[121],"it":[122,137,153],"can":[123],"automatically":[124],"generate":[125,162],"instance":[126],"representations":[127],"MIML":[129],"by":[130,144],"exploiting":[131],"architecture":[133],"CNNs;":[135],"2)":[136],"takes":[138],"advantage":[139],"label":[142,159],"grouping":[145],"in":[147,168],"its":[148],"later":[149],"layers;":[150],"3)":[152],"incorporates":[154],"textual":[156],"context":[157],"groups":[160],"instances,":[164],"effective":[167],"discriminating":[169],"visually":[170],"similar":[171],"objects":[172],"belonging":[173],"groups.":[176],"Empirical":[177],"studies":[178],"several":[180],"benchmark":[181],"data":[184],"sets":[185],"show":[186],"that":[187],"significantly":[189],"outperforms":[190],"state-of-the-art":[192],"baselines":[193],"tasks.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}