{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2744887611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2017.2737321","title":"Learning-Based Shadow Recognition and Removal From Monochromatic Natural Images","display_name":"Learning-Based Shadow Recognition and Removal From Monochromatic Natural Images","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2744887611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2017.2737321","mag":"2744887611","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28796618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2017.2737321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2017.2737321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/scopus2015/6023","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081346568","display_name":"Mingliang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6885-3451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingliang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Interdisciplinary Information Science Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6885-3451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Interdisciplinary Information Science Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013521606","display_name":"Jiejie Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-2221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiejie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069492002","display_name":"Pei Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-0561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Interdisciplinary Information Science Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Interdisciplinary Information Science Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028397253","display_name":"Bing Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-3903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Interdisciplinary Information Science Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Interdisciplinary Information Science Research, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112013333","display_name":"Marshall F. Tappen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marshall F. Tappen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016080094","display_name":"Rongrong Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9163-2932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongrong Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart City, School of Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9163-2932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Sensing and Computing for Smart City, School of Information Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6901,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96985388,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"12","first_page":"5811","last_page":"5824"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7845476865768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monochromatic-color","display_name":"Monochromatic color","score":0.7339495420455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6573594808578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6502026319503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.5472478866577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.49015292525291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4809914827346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.46670886874198914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.459468811750412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.45528045296669006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.4482892155647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow-mapping","display_name":"Shadow mapping","score":0.4146847128868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.4103556275367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20247414708137512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7845476865768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40833965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6901438","display_name":"Monochromatic color","level":2,"score":0.7339495420455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6573594808578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6502026319503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.5472478866577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.49015292525291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4809914827346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.46670886874198914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.459468811750412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.45528045296669006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4482892155647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116544410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478122","display_name":"Shadow mapping","level":2,"score":0.4146847128868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4103556275367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20247414708137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2017.2737321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2017.2737321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28796618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28796618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:stars.library.ucf.edu:scopus2015-7022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/scopus2015/6023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172555","display_name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","issn_l":"2576-0017","issn":["2576-0017","2576-0025"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus Export 2015-2019","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:stars.library.ucf.edu:scopus2015-7022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/scopus2015/6023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172555","display_name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","issn_l":"2576-0017","issn":["2576-0017","2576-0025"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus Export 2015-2019","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2791308319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61422210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6657257410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472370","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7078419470","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u89c6\u89c9\u5927\u6570\u636e\u641c\u7d22\u7684\u8bcd\u5178\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0e\u7279\u5f81\u7f16\u7801\u538b\u7f29\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61373076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7529411012","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u9690\u5f0f\u5206\u89e3\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7ed3\u6784\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u4e0e\u9884\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61572410","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7832250435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402388","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8474012588","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB1001503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8606731881","display_name":"\u878d\u5165\u5fc3\u7406\u673a\u5236\u5e76\u6570\u636e\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u66b4\u6050\u7ba1\u63a7\u4eff\u771f\u8ba1\u7b97\u6a21\u578b\u53ca\u52a8\u753b\u63a8\u6f14","funder_award_id":"61672469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487980058","https://openalex.org/W1522995767","https://openalex.org/W1546961578","https://openalex.org/W1595447353","https://openalex.org/W1979583718","https://openalex.org/W2000139664","https://openalex.org/W2003145026","https://openalex.org/W2023151535","https://openalex.org/W2027850463","https://openalex.org/W2029215186","https://openalex.org/W2030698775","https://openalex.org/W2045475660","https://openalex.org/W2050539033","https://openalex.org/W2062926438","https://openalex.org/W2086892762","https://openalex.org/W2098762572","https://openalex.org/W2099438908","https://openalex.org/W2104166077","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2113404166","https://openalex.org/W2116233832","https://openalex.org/W2116919352","https://openalex.org/W2117104107","https://openalex.org/W2119823327","https://openalex.org/W2120589557","https://openalex.org/W2125101937","https://openalex.org/W2130210787","https://openalex.org/W2136748901","https://openalex.org/W2151095208","https://openalex.org/W2161259395","https://openalex.org/W2161808755","https://openalex.org/W2163369342","https://openalex.org/W2164734564","https://openalex.org/W2166502676","https://openalex.org/W2293126239","https://openalex.org/W2914424944","https://openalex.org/W4237061087","https://openalex.org/W6629269813","https://openalex.org/W6635817134","https://openalex.org/W6661873420","https://openalex.org/W6675838932"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2509614667","https://openalex.org/W2963293152","https://openalex.org/W4302199713","https://openalex.org/W4282026465","https://openalex.org/W2626027010","https://openalex.org/W2963562790","https://openalex.org/W2909469610","https://openalex.org/W2755006503","https://openalex.org/W1629841509","https://openalex.org/W1547276641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,34,49,73,133,162,169,181],"problem":[4,44],"of":[5,36,156,172],"recognizing":[6],"and":[7,23,53,66,83,89,110,148,184],"removing":[8],"shadows":[9,135],"from":[10,14,55,86,136],"monochromatic":[11,137,174],"natural":[12,138],"images":[13,187],"a":[15,62,103,107,113,126,153,173],"learning-based":[16,63],"perspective.":[17],"Without":[18],"chromatic":[19],"information,":[20],"shadow":[21,64,193],"recognition":[22,65],"removal":[24,67],"are":[25,99],"extremely":[26],"challenging":[27],"in":[28],"this":[29,43,60],"paper,":[30,61],"mainly":[31],"due":[32,47],"to":[33,48,71,79,94,101,131,161],"missing":[35],"invariant":[37,84],"color":[38],"cues.":[39],"Natural":[40],"scenes":[41],"make":[42],"even":[45],"harder":[46],"complex":[50],"illumination":[51],"condition":[52],"ambiguity":[54],"many":[56],"near-black":[57],"objects.":[58],"In":[59],"scheme":[68,142],"is":[69,129,143],"proposed":[70,141,182],"tackle":[72],"challenges":[74],"above-mentioned.":[75],"First,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"use":[80],"both":[81,146],"shadow-variant":[82],"cues":[85],"illumination,":[87],"texture,":[88],"odd":[90],"order":[91],"derivative":[92],"characteristics":[93],"recognize":[95],"shadows.":[96],"Such":[97],"features":[98],"used":[100],"train":[102],"classifier":[104],"via":[105],"boosting":[106],"decision":[108],"tree":[109],"integrated":[111],"into":[112],"conditional":[114],"random":[115],"field,":[116],"which":[117],"can":[118,176,188],"enforce":[119],"local":[120],"consistency":[121],"over":[122],"pixel":[123],"labels.":[124],"Second,":[125],"Gaussian":[127],"model":[128],"introduced":[130],"remove":[132],"recognized":[134],"scenes.":[139],"The":[140],"evaluated":[144],"using":[145,180],"qualitative":[147],"quantitative":[149],"results":[150],"based":[151],"on":[152],"novel":[154],"database":[155],"hand-labeled":[157],"shadows,":[158],"with":[159],"comparisons":[160],"existing":[163],"state-of-the-art":[164],"schemes.":[165],"We":[166],"show":[167],"that":[168],"shadowed":[170],"areas":[171],"image":[175],"be":[177,189],"accurately":[178],"identified":[179],"scheme,":[183],"high-quality":[185],"shadow-free":[186],"precisely":[190],"recovered":[191],"after":[192],"removal.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}