{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2183595887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2501755","title":"Robust Face Sketch Style Synthesis","display_name":"Robust Face Sketch Style Synthesis","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2183595887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2501755","mag":"2183595887","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26595919"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2015.2501755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2501755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073570293","display_name":"Shengchuan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shengchuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785348","display_name":"Xinbo Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1443-0776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinbo Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042507268","display_name":"Nannan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4695-6134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nannan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103271811","display_name":"Jie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9769-8024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Video and Image Processing System Laboratory, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","Video and Image Processing System Laboratory, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Video and Image Processing System Laboratory, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Video and Image Processing System Laboratory, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073570293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0501,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95986734,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"220","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.9545960426330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7515865564346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6727485656738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.611890971660614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5657634139060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch-recognition","display_name":"Sketch recognition","score":0.5565916299819946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.48616573214530945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4752980172634125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4360504448413849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.43342283368110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4071978032588959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2033882737159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1959170699119568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.9545960426330566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7515865564346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6727485656738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.611890971660614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5657634139060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132900626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534733","display_name":"Sketch recognition","level":4,"score":0.5565916299819946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48616573214530945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4752980172634125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4360504448413849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.43342283368110657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4071978032588959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2033882737159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1959170699119568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001154","descriptor_name":"Art","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001154","descriptor_name":"Art","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001154","descriptor_name":"Art","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003196","descriptor_name":"Computer Graphics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2015.2501755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2501755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26595919","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26595919","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1217453971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015M580818","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G167722907","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61432014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2426274420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501339","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3287918506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XJS15049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5909552777","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61125204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6066800561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61172146","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8312325785","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JB149901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97858523","https://openalex.org/W1527240141","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1594772103","https://openalex.org/W1974973438","https://openalex.org/W1981902088","https://openalex.org/W1985436611","https://openalex.org/W1987474052","https://openalex.org/W2003749430","https://openalex.org/W2054210502","https://openalex.org/W2058150706","https://openalex.org/W2099470017","https://openalex.org/W2107496632","https://openalex.org/W2108966602","https://openalex.org/W2109002458","https://openalex.org/W2109509158","https://openalex.org/W2117033808","https://openalex.org/W2118963448","https://openalex.org/W2119605622","https://openalex.org/W2119990023","https://openalex.org/W2120749805","https://openalex.org/W2129945466","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2140257560","https://openalex.org/W2141345255","https://openalex.org/W2141983208","https://openalex.org/W2147821504","https://openalex.org/W2149481809","https://openalex.org/W2149760002","https://openalex.org/W2153288431","https://openalex.org/W2292976057","https://openalex.org/W2994340921","https://openalex.org/W6631618440","https://openalex.org/W6676276870","https://openalex.org/W6677516346","https://openalex.org/W6677832493","https://openalex.org/W6681227110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294900353","https://openalex.org/W2151314278","https://openalex.org/W2411243951","https://openalex.org/W1971224820","https://openalex.org/W13629514","https://openalex.org/W2963977451","https://openalex.org/W2098836165","https://openalex.org/W1976890290","https://openalex.org/W1573697454","https://openalex.org/W4205183227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heterogeneous":[0],"image":[1,116,135,149],"conversion":[2],"is":[3,97,141,155,169],"a":[4,20,61,65,91,137,165],"critical":[5],"issue":[6],"in":[7],"many":[8,41],"computer":[9],"vision":[10],"tasks,":[11],"among":[12],"which":[13,72],"example-based":[14],"face":[15,31,67,153,175,185],"sketch":[16,32,68,122,154,176,186],"style":[17,33,69],"synthesis":[18,34,70,177],"provides":[19],"convenient":[21],"way":[22],"to":[23,53,76,100,113,129],"make":[24],"artistic":[25],"effects":[26],"for":[27],"photos.":[28],"However,":[29],"existing":[30],"methods":[35,52],"generate":[36],"stylistic":[37,56,78],"sketches":[38,79],"depending":[39],"on":[40,81,181],"photo-sketch":[42],"pairs.":[43],"This":[44],"requirement":[45],"limits":[46],"the":[47,88,119,124,132,146,151,160,173,192,195],"generalization":[48],"ability":[49],"of":[50,162,194],"these":[51],"produce":[54],"arbitrarily":[55,77],"sketches.":[57],"To":[58,157],"handle":[59],"such":[60],"drawback,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64],"robust":[66],"method,":[71,90],"can":[73],"convert":[74],"photos":[75,190],"based":[80],"only":[82],"one":[83],"corresponding":[84],"template":[85,125],"sketch.":[86,104,126],"In":[87,127],"proposed":[89,196],"sparse":[92],"representation-based":[93],"greedy":[94],"search":[95],"strategy":[96,168],"first":[98],"applied":[99],"estimate":[101],"an":[102],"initial":[103,120],"Then,":[105],"multi-scale":[106],"features":[107],"and":[108,123,188],"Euclidean":[109],"distance":[110],"are":[111],"employed":[112],"select":[114],"candidate":[115,134,148],"patches":[117],"from":[118],"estimated":[121],"order":[128],"further":[130,158],"refine":[131],"obtained":[133],"patches,":[136,150],"multi-feature-based":[138],"optimization":[139],"model":[140],"introduced.":[142],"Finally,":[143],"by":[144],"assembling":[145],"refined":[147],"completed":[152],"obtained.":[156],"enhance":[159],"quality":[161],"synthesized":[163],"sketches,":[164],"cascaded":[166],"regression":[167],"adopted.":[170],"Compared":[171],"with":[172],"state-of-the-art":[174],"methods,":[178],"experimental":[179],"results":[180],"several":[182],"commonly":[183],"used":[184],"databases":[187],"celebrity":[189],"demonstrate":[191],"effectiveness":[193],"method.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
