{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1899110234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2445295","title":"Gaze Estimation From Eye Appearance: A Head Pose-Free Method via Eye Image Synthesis","display_name":"Gaze Estimation From Eye Appearance: A Head Pose-Free Method via Eye Image Synthesis","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1899110234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2445295","mag":"1899110234","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26080385"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2015.2445295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2445295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050527785","display_name":"Feng Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9064-7964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","School of Computer Science and Engineering, and the International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, and the International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066894394","display_name":"Yusuke Sugano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4206-710X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109712","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/01w19ak89","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuke Sugano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perceptual User Interfaces Group, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perceptual User Interfaces Group, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062935332","display_name":"Takahiro Okabe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2183-7112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207014233","display_name":"Kyushu Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02278tr80","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahiro Okabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207014233"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045996641","display_name":"Yoichi Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0097-4537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoichi Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.3535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98295373,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"3680","last_page":"3693"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8678973913192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.8632858991622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.782453179359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7725511193275452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.6334049105644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.5883342027664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5591962337493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-flow","display_name":"Optical flow","score":0.45312973856925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion-estimation","display_name":"Motion estimation","score":0.44379276037216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-pose-estimation","display_name":"3D pose estimation","score":0.43604129552841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.41788309812545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/articulated-body-pose-estimation","display_name":"Articulated body pose estimation","score":0.4115701913833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3912864625453949}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8678973913192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.8632858991622925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.782453179359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7725511193275452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6334049105644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.5883342027664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5591962337493896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155542232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736111","display_name":"Optical flow","level":3,"score":0.45312973856925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10161872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557891","display_name":"Motion estimation","level":2,"score":0.44379276037216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36613465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636322","display_name":"3D pose estimation","level":3,"score":0.43604129552841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41788309812545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22100474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4800952","display_name":"Articulated body pose estimation","level":4,"score":0.4115701913833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3912864625453949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005123","descriptor_name":"Eye","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005123","descriptor_name":"Eye","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005123","descriptor_name":"Eye","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014741","descriptor_name":"Video Recording","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2015.2445295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2445295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26080385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26080385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.mpg.de:item_2186362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0028-4CBD-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400654","display_name":"MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149899117","host_organization_name":"Max Planck Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519033008","https://openalex.org/W1587330868","https://openalex.org/W1808303360","https://openalex.org/W1867429401","https://openalex.org/W1946259682","https://openalex.org/W1971251683","https://openalex.org/W1982794901","https://openalex.org/W1984370993","https://openalex.org/W2001252859","https://openalex.org/W2034382626","https://openalex.org/W2035379092","https://openalex.org/W2053946567","https://openalex.org/W2059916030","https://openalex.org/W2077819131","https://openalex.org/W2088589122","https://openalex.org/W2088692258","https://openalex.org/W2092785577","https://openalex.org/W2093822429","https://openalex.org/W2097383592","https://openalex.org/W2102253428","https://openalex.org/W2103150354","https://openalex.org/W2103289133","https://openalex.org/W2105899846","https://openalex.org/W2105970638","https://openalex.org/W2107309161","https://openalex.org/W2110299479","https://openalex.org/W2114902384","https://openalex.org/W2139196511","https://openalex.org/W2144984900","https://openalex.org/W2149382413","https://openalex.org/W2155591525","https://openalex.org/W2158014263","https://openalex.org/W2158363907","https://openalex.org/W2160495187","https://openalex.org/W2161356956","https://openalex.org/W2166964954","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2170047537","https://openalex.org/W2212494831","https://openalex.org/W2294015878","https://openalex.org/W2546526894","https://openalex.org/W2549802453","https://openalex.org/W6630977606","https://openalex.org/W6638529194","https://openalex.org/W6639126518","https://openalex.org/W6640564649","https://openalex.org/W6675356155","https://openalex.org/W6675405564","https://openalex.org/W6676086432","https://openalex.org/W6676096000","https://openalex.org/W6688426012","https://openalex.org/W6729258895","https://openalex.org/W6729363323"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946083937","https://openalex.org/W2798721181","https://openalex.org/W4386075737","https://openalex.org/W2951583186","https://openalex.org/W4299867837","https://openalex.org/W2088028039","https://openalex.org/W4382141741","https://openalex.org/W3165753266","https://openalex.org/W1968783203","https://openalex.org/W4206633503"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,47,109],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,49,111],"address":[4],"the":[5,175],"problem":[6,16],"of":[7,174],"free":[8,58],"head":[9,20,34,43,59,74,92,104,126,137],"motion":[10,21,60],"in":[11,106],"appearance-based":[12],"gaze":[13,53,171],"estimation.":[14,107,172],"This":[15],"remains":[17],"challenging":[18],"because":[19],"changes":[22],"eye":[23,62,87,121,166],"appearance":[24],"significantly,":[25],"and":[26,94,140,169,185],"thus,":[27],"training":[28,79,99,150,156],"images":[29,39,88,100],"captured":[30,40],"for":[31,41,101,135,149],"an":[32,165],"original":[33,78],"pose":[35,75],"cannot":[36],"handle":[37,120],"test":[38],"other":[42,102],"poses.":[44],"To":[45,108],"overcome":[46],"difficulty,":[48],"propose":[50,112],"a":[51,67,113,170],"novel":[52],"estimation":[54],"method":[55,82,176],"that":[56,162],"handles":[57],"via":[61],"image":[63,122,151,167],"synthesis":[64],"based":[65],"on":[66],"single":[68],"camera.":[69],"Compared":[70],"with":[71,77,154],"conventional":[72],"fixed":[73],"methods":[76],"images,":[80,157],"our":[81],"only":[83],"captures":[84],"four":[85,90],"additional":[86],"under":[89],"reference":[91,136],"poses,":[93],"then,":[95],"precisely":[96],"synthesizes":[97],"new":[98,146],"unseen":[103],"poses":[105,138],"end,":[110],"single-directional":[114],"(SD)":[115],"flow":[116],"model":[117],"to":[118,125,131,144,181],"efficiently":[119],"variations":[123],"due":[124],"motion.":[127],"We":[128],"show":[129],"how":[130],"estimate":[132],"SD":[133,147],"flows":[134,148],"first,":[139],"then":[141],"use":[142],"them":[143],"produce":[145],"synthesis.":[152],"Finally,":[153],"synthetic":[155],"joint":[158],"optimization":[159],"is":[160],"applied":[161],"simultaneously":[163],"solves":[164],"alignment":[168],"Evaluation":[173],"was":[177],"conducted":[178],"through":[179],"experiments":[180],"assess":[182],"its":[183,187],"performance":[184],"demonstrate":[186],"effectiveness.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
