{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2055317045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2424311","title":"2D Segmentation Using a Robust Active Shape Model With the EM Algorithm","display_name":"2D Segmentation Using a Robust Active Shape Model With the EM Algorithm","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2055317045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2424311","mag":"2055317045","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25910088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2015.2424311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2424311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074571088","display_name":"Carlos Santiago","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4737-0020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109601","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias","ror":"https://ror.org/022mzwp71","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109601","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Santiago","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal",", Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109601","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109601","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078047670","display_name":"Jacinto C. Nascimento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7468-5127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109601","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias","ror":"https://ror.org/022mzwp71","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109601","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacinto C. Nascimento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal",", Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109601","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109601","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071738210","display_name":"Jorge S. Marques","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3800-7756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109601","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias","ror":"https://ror.org/022mzwp71","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109601","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge S. Marques","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal",", Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109601","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Instituto de Sistemas e Rob\u00f3tica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109601","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.621,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93268032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"8","first_page":"2592","last_page":"2601"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.7948489189147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7110023498535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.6734280586242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-shape-model","display_name":"Active shape model","score":0.6192214488983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6088700294494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5606379508972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-probability","display_name":"Prior probability","score":0.5432729125022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5429747700691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5211165547370911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5136210322380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-a-posteriori-estimation","display_name":"Maximum a posteriori estimation","score":0.5069797039031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4740462303161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.47209852933883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-contour-model","display_name":"Active contour model","score":0.44207096099853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.4369047284126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3629268705844879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34956634044647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.1948205530643463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.18235740065574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.16803660988807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.0731070339679718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.7948489189147949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7110023498535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.6734280586242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129641003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267189","display_name":"Active shape model","level":3,"score":0.6192214488983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6088700294494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5606379508972168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177769412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278090","display_name":"Prior probability","level":3,"score":0.5432729125022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5429747700691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5211165547370911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5136210322380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9810830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635384","display_name":"Maximum a posteriori estimation","level":3,"score":0.5069797039031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4740462303161621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.47209852933883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112353826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127313","display_name":"Active contour model","level":4,"score":0.44207096099853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.4369047284126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3629268705844879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34956634044647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.1948205530643463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.18235740065574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.16803660988807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0731070339679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2015.2424311","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2015.2424311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25910088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25910088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W209602463","https://openalex.org/W1525535255","https://openalex.org/W1576409155","https://openalex.org/W1599806615","https://openalex.org/W1987869189","https://openalex.org/W1997348365","https://openalex.org/W2006681603","https://openalex.org/W2012712694","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2082541576","https://openalex.org/W2084840427","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2097819447","https://openalex.org/W2102512156","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2105789358","https://openalex.org/W2110158442","https://openalex.org/W2139744230","https://openalex.org/W2146512765","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2153810084","https://openalex.org/W2157898655","https://openalex.org/W2158663709","https://openalex.org/W2163998463","https://openalex.org/W2171490473","https://openalex.org/W2172532449","https://openalex.org/W2477424298","https://openalex.org/W2489822048","https://openalex.org/W2520636672","https://openalex.org/W2767443199","https://openalex.org/W3147705998","https://openalex.org/W4206180546","https://openalex.org/W4237927139","https://openalex.org/W4388317804","https://openalex.org/W6674593002","https://openalex.org/W6674975915","https://openalex.org/W6682856636","https://openalex.org/W6685040918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990603712","https://openalex.org/W1839961359","https://openalex.org/W2250899144","https://openalex.org/W2114899076","https://openalex.org/W2075146114","https://openalex.org/W2063312490","https://openalex.org/W1783992599","https://openalex.org/W102157910","https://openalex.org/W2100805585","https://openalex.org/W1491976205"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Statistical":[0],"shape":[1,20,40,144,161],"models":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"extensively":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,17,88,108,120,167,226],"a":[8,47,51,79,137,154,184,233],"wide":[9],"range":[10],"of":[11,70,86,91,100,159,206,212,229,243],"applications":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,42,67,140,163,232],"their":[15],"effectiveness":[16],"providing":[18],"prior":[19],"information":[21],"for":[22,116,190],"object":[23,44,72,165],"segmentation":[24],"problems.":[25],"The":[26,93,133,143,194,215],"most":[27],"popular":[28],"method":[29],"is":[30,50,59,114,224],"the":[31,39,57,71,84,89,109,118,125,150,160,164,168,176,182,191,207,213,227,237,244],"Active":[32],"Shape":[33],"Model":[34],"(ASM).":[35],"However,":[36],"accurately":[37],"fitting":[38],"model":[41,58,162],"an":[43],"boundary":[45,166],"under":[46],"cluttered":[48],"environment":[49],"challenging":[52],"task.":[53],"Under":[54],"such":[55],"assumptions,":[56],"often":[60],"attracted":[61],"towards":[62],"invalid":[63],"observations":[64,101,103,126],"(outliers),":[65],"leading":[66,231],"meaningless":[68],"estimates":[69],"boundary.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75,222],"paper,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"novel":[80],"algorithm":[81,135],"that":[82,97,187,221],"improves":[83],"robustness":[85],"ASM":[87,239],"presence":[90,228],"outliers.":[92],"proposed":[94,134],"framework":[95],"assumes":[96],"both":[98],"type":[99],"(valid":[102],"and":[104,156,180,200,209,219,240],"outliers)":[105],"are":[106,146,173,196,217],"detected":[107],"image.":[110,169],"A":[111],"new":[112],"strategy":[113],"devised":[115],"treating":[117],"data":[119],"different":[121,138],"ways,":[122],"depending":[123],"on":[124],"being":[127],"considered":[128],"as":[129],"valid":[130],"or":[131],"invalid.":[132],"assigns":[136],"weight":[139],"each":[141],"observation.":[142],"parameters":[145],"recursively":[147],"updated":[148],"using":[149],"Expectation-Maximization":[151],"method,":[152],"allowing":[153],"correct":[155],"robust":[157,225],"fit":[158],"Two":[170],"estimation":[171],"criteria":[172],"considered:":[174],"1)":[175],"maximum":[177,183],"likelihood":[178],"criterion;":[179],"2)":[181],"posteriori":[185],"criterion":[186],"uses":[188],"priors":[189],"unknown":[192],"parameters.":[193],"methods":[195],"tested":[197],"with":[198],"synthetic":[199],"real":[201],"images,":[202],"comprising":[203],"medical":[204],"images":[205],"heart":[208],"image":[210],"sequences":[211],"lips.":[214],"results":[216],"promising":[218],"show":[220],"approach":[223],"outliers,":[230],"significant":[234],"improvement":[235],"over":[236],"standard":[238],"other":[241],"state":[242],"art":[245],"methods.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
