{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978993121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2013.2281420","title":"Infrared Patch-Image Model for Small Target Detection in a Single Image","display_name":"Infrared Patch-Image Model for Small Target Detection in a Single Image","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978993121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2013.2281420","mag":"1978993121","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24043387"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2013.2281420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2013.2281420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021881939","display_name":"Chenqiang Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-4148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenqiang Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing Key Laboratory of Signal and Information Processing, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","Chongqing Key Lab. of Signal & Inf. Process., Chongqing Univ. of Posts & Telecommun., Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Signal and Information Processing, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing Key Lab. of Signal & Inf. Process., Chongqing Univ. of Posts & Telecommun., Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091017287","display_name":"Deyu Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1294-8283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deyu Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Information and System Sciences and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China","Minist. of Educ. Key Lab. for Intell. Networks & Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong Univ., Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Information and System Sciences and the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Minist. of Educ. Key Lab. for Intell. Networks & Network Security, Xi'an Jiaotong Univ., Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005421447","display_name":"Yi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0512-880X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911","https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911","https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781631","display_name":"Yongtao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1379-2206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongtao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China","Institute of Computer Science & Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science & Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011384237","display_name":"Xiaofang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-1455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911","https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Inf. Technol. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld., Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911","https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103099928","display_name":"Alexander G. Hauptmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2123-0684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander G. Hauptmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie, Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sch. of Comput. Sci., Carnegie, Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021881939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":440.6645,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1181,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99992895,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"12","first_page":"4996","last_page":"5009"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7788282632827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7766910791397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6010231375694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.592298150062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5567575693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5019745826721191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.49477189779281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4837048649787903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.47566384077072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.13014334440231323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7788282632827759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7766910791397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6010231375694275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.592298150062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5567575693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5019745826721191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49477189779281616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4837048649787903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.47566384077072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.13014334440231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2013.2281420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2013.2281420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24043387","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24043387","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.library.uq.edu.au:UQ:313906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402388","display_name":"Queensland's institutional digital repository (The University of Queensland)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","host_organization_name":"The University of Queensland","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/116386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/116386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-108333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-108333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-108333","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://lbdiscover.ust.hk/uresolver?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rfr_id=info:sid/HKUST:SPI&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1057-7149&rft.volume=v. 22&rft.issue=(12)&rft.date=2013&rft.spage=4996&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.atitle=Infrared+patch-image+model+for+small+target+detection+in+a+single+image&rft.title=IEEE+Transactions+on+Image+Processing","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24824494","https://openalex.org/W63384232","https://openalex.org/W198034206","https://openalex.org/W1693416702","https://openalex.org/W1736339626","https://openalex.org/W1973315646","https://openalex.org/W1974872009","https://openalex.org/W1988122332","https://openalex.org/W1989355535","https://openalex.org/W1992873714","https://openalex.org/W1997201895","https://openalex.org/W2002738654","https://openalex.org/W2010875673","https://openalex.org/W2016800327","https://openalex.org/W2016880985","https://openalex.org/W2017399967","https://openalex.org/W2033347644","https://openalex.org/W2045352990","https://openalex.org/W2045983409","https://openalex.org/W2051185466","https://openalex.org/W2055659772","https://openalex.org/W2058928435","https://openalex.org/W2065784426","https://openalex.org/W2068895870","https://openalex.org/W2082940732","https://openalex.org/W2084586897","https://openalex.org/W2097073572","https://openalex.org/W2107175388","https://openalex.org/W2108382860","https://openalex.org/W2116013899","https://openalex.org/W2117675177","https://openalex.org/W2118115006","https://openalex.org/W2118702465","https://openalex.org/W2138507544","https://openalex.org/W2139356527","https://openalex.org/W2145252826","https://openalex.org/W2145452171","https://openalex.org/W2145962650","https://openalex.org/W2153711466","https://openalex.org/W2154418001","https://openalex.org/W2158479002","https://openalex.org/W2166332954","https://openalex.org/W2166691113","https://openalex.org/W2168430922","https://openalex.org/W2169168670","https://openalex.org/W2536599074","https://openalex.org/W2752061190","https://openalex.org/W2752853835","https://openalex.org/W2753009659","https://openalex.org/W6608094899","https://openalex.org/W6685042192"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130674020","https://openalex.org/W2093748878","https://openalex.org/W2333771223","https://openalex.org/W2120056845","https://openalex.org/W1496493270","https://openalex.org/W1981531423","https://openalex.org/W2011939812","https://openalex.org/W1977371217","https://openalex.org/W2115214301","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"robust":[1],"detection":[2,22,71,147],"of":[3,8,54,59,78],"small":[4,20,69],"targets":[5],"is":[6,29,40,72,85,99],"one":[7],"the":[9,35,55,60,66,103,107,127],"key":[10],"techniques":[11],"in":[12,24,31],"infrared":[13,27,37,45,61],"search":[14],"and":[15,81,106,117,139],"tracking":[16],"applications.":[17],"A":[18],"novel":[19],"target":[21,70,104,137],"method":[23,98,129],"a":[25,43,94],"single":[26],"image":[28,38,105],"proposed":[30,128],"this":[32],"paper.":[33],"Initially,":[34],"traditional":[36],"model":[39,47,68],"generalized":[41],"to":[42,101],"new":[44,67],"patch-image":[46],"using":[48,88],"local":[49],"patch":[50],"construction.":[51],"Then,":[52],"because":[53],"non-local":[56],"self-correlation":[57],"property":[58],"background":[62],"image,":[63],"based":[64],"on":[65],"formulated":[73],"as":[74],"an":[75],"optimization":[76],"problem":[77],"recovering":[79],"low-rank":[80],"sparse":[82],"matrices,":[83],"which":[84],"effectively":[86],"solved":[87],"stable":[89],"principle":[90],"component":[91],"pursuit.":[92],"Finally,":[93],"simple":[95],"adaptive":[96],"segmentation":[97,108],"used":[100],"segment":[102],"result":[109],"can":[110],"be":[111],"refined":[112],"by":[113],"post-processing.":[114],"Extensive":[115],"synthetic":[116],"real":[118],"data":[119],"experiments":[120],"show":[121],"that":[122],"under":[123],"different":[124,136],"clutter":[125],"backgrounds":[126],"not":[130],"only":[131],"works":[132],"more":[133],"stably":[134],"for":[135],"sizes":[138],"signal-to-clutter":[140],"ratio":[141],"values,":[142],"but":[143],"also":[144],"has":[145],"better":[146],"performance":[148],"compared":[149],"with":[150],"conventional":[151],"baseline":[152],"methods.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":250},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":199},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":190},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":137},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":91},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}