{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2042120685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2012.2228494","title":"W-Tree Indexing for Fast Visual Word Generation","display_name":"W-Tree Indexing for Fast Visual Word Generation","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2042120685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2012.2228494","mag":"2042120685","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23192558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2012.2228494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2012.2228494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101675323","display_name":"Miaojing Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-0073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092262","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00dh5gw98","country_code":"RO","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799732796","https://openalex.org/I4210092262"]}],"countries":["CN","RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miaojing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Minister of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. shimj@cis.pku.edu.cn","Peking University, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Minister of Education), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Minister of Education), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. shimj@cis.pku.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092262"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Minister of Education), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110033649","display_name":"Ruixin Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruixin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Asia, Search Technology Center, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Asia, Search Technology Center, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074103823","display_name":"Dacheng Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7225-5449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096034","display_name":"Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00rnbty21","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1337719021","https://openalex.org/I165143802","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4210096034","https://openalex.org/I4210132349"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dacheng Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Quantum Computation & Intelligent Systems, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Quantum Computation & Intelligent Systems, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466","https://openalex.org/I4210096034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102916885","display_name":"Chao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6522-0982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Minister of Education), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Minister of Education), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0002,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87385494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"1209","last_page":"1222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7532655000686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6397687792778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-indexing","display_name":"Search engine indexing","score":0.6231032013893127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6017740964889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.579957127571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5386545062065125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-word","display_name":"Visual Word","score":0.49235570430755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.486796110868454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-structure","display_name":"Tree structure","score":0.4818519353866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.45658913254737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.35614919662475586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-retrieval","display_name":"Image retrieval","score":0.29132962226867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.26121681928634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17887604236602783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7532655000686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6397687792778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75165309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2258979","display_name":"Search engine indexing","level":2,"score":0.6231032013893127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6017740964889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.579957127571106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5386545062065125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189391414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936579","display_name":"Visual Word","level":4,"score":0.49235570430755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.486796110868454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.4818519353866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.45658913254737854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.35614919662475586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1667742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10927554","display_name":"Image retrieval","level":3,"score":0.29132962226867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26121681928634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17887604236602783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004282","descriptor_name":"Documentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013561","descriptor_name":"Symbolism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013561","descriptor_name":"Symbolism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013561","descriptor_name":"Symbolism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2012.2228494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2012.2228494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23192558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23192558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/23594","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/23594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507771016","https://openalex.org/W1556531089","https://openalex.org/W1627400044","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1978250716","https://openalex.org/W1984907405","https://openalex.org/W2012260009","https://openalex.org/W2024668293","https://openalex.org/W2049644877","https://openalex.org/W2077695545","https://openalex.org/W2088171019","https://openalex.org/W2096077837","https://openalex.org/W2097703723","https://openalex.org/W2099253838","https://openalex.org/W2104929264","https://openalex.org/W2110329341","https://openalex.org/W2120753626","https://openalex.org/W2124404372","https://openalex.org/W2125574651","https://openalex.org/W2128017662","https://openalex.org/W2131846894","https://openalex.org/W2136637876","https://openalex.org/W2138516811","https://openalex.org/W2141362318","https://openalex.org/W2141581971","https://openalex.org/W2147717514","https://openalex.org/W2148809531","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2154301842","https://openalex.org/W2154952031","https://openalex.org/W2156983007","https://openalex.org/W2162006472","https://openalex.org/W2162490589","https://openalex.org/W2162915993","https://openalex.org/W2164799551","https://openalex.org/W2170605888","https://openalex.org/W2171859866","https://openalex.org/W2427881153","https://openalex.org/W4247915583","https://openalex.org/W4251391716","https://openalex.org/W6630476032","https://openalex.org/W6633472159","https://openalex.org/W6636759986","https://openalex.org/W6682717316","https://openalex.org/W6683777755","https://openalex.org/W6684723771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145355078","https://openalex.org/W2122803910","https://openalex.org/W2358174538","https://openalex.org/W2047015677","https://openalex.org/W2372453241","https://openalex.org/W2371387875","https://openalex.org/W2531660186","https://openalex.org/W1987871343","https://openalex.org/W2064670891","https://openalex.org/W1508699539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,13],"bag-of-visual-words":[1],"representation":[2,20],"has":[3],"been":[4,48],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,17,35,154],"image":[8],"retrieval":[9],"and":[10,45,150,191,206],"visual":[11,23,28,86,95,112,122],"recognition.":[12],"most":[14],"time-consuming":[15],"step":[16],"obtaining":[18],"this":[19,68],"is":[21],"the":[22,31,52,72,83,129,158,177,184,192,196,204,209],"word":[24,87,113,123],"generation,":[25],"i.e.,":[26],"assigning":[27],"words":[29,96],"to":[30,50,128,139,156,161,164],"corresponding":[32,130],"local":[33,76],"features":[34],"a":[36,62,107,115,125,136,143,148,151,169],"high-dimensional":[37],"space.":[38],"Recently,":[39],"structures":[40,100],"based":[41],"on":[42,195],"multibranch":[43],"trees":[44],"forests":[46],"have":[47],"adopted":[49],"reduce":[51],"time":[53,84],"cost.":[54],"However,":[55],"these":[56],"approaches":[57],"cannot":[58],"perform":[59],"well":[60],"without":[61],"large":[63],"number":[64,171],"of":[65,75,142,172,208],"backtrackings.":[66,173],"In":[67,93],"paper,":[69],"by":[70,180],"considering":[71],"spatial":[73],"correlation":[74],"features,":[77],"we":[78,104,133],"can":[79,105,134],"significantly":[80],"speed":[81],"up":[82],"consuming":[85],"generation":[88],"process":[89],"while":[90],"maintaining":[91],"accuracy.":[92],"particular,":[94],"associated":[97],"with":[98,124,183],"certain":[99,144],"frequently":[101],"co-occur;":[102],"hence,":[103],"build":[106],"co-occurrence":[108,131],"table":[109],"for":[110,114,187],"each":[111,121,140],"large-scale":[116],"data":[117,198],"set.":[118,199],"By":[119],"associating":[120],"probability":[126],"according":[127],"table,":[132],"assign":[135],"probabilistic":[137],"weight":[138],"node":[141],"index":[145],"structure":[146],"(e.g.,":[147],"KD-tree":[149],"K-means":[152],"tree),":[153],"order":[155],"re-direct":[157],"searching":[159],"path":[160],"be":[162],"close":[163],"its":[165],"global":[166],"optimum":[167],"within":[168],"small":[170],"We":[174],"carefully":[175],"study":[176],"proposed":[178],"scheme":[179],"comparing":[181],"it":[182],"fast":[185],"library":[186],"approximate":[188],"nearest":[189],"neighbors":[190],"random":[193],"KD-trees":[194],"Oxford":[197],"Thorough":[200],"experimental":[201],"results":[202],"suggest":[203],"efficiency":[205],"effectiveness":[207],"new":[210],"scheme.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}