{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2131786818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2010.2075938","title":"Regularized Background Adaptation: A Novel Learning Rate Control Scheme for Gaussian Mixture Modeling","display_name":"Regularized Background Adaptation: A Novel Learning Rate Control Scheme for Gaussian Mixture Modeling","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2131786818","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2010.2075938","mag":"2131786818","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20840901"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2010.2075938","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2010.2075938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089254861","display_name":"Horng-Horng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5150-8590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Horng-Horng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu; Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu; Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069670059","display_name":"Jen\u2010Hui Chuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4934-4811"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jen-Hui Chuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu; Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu; Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043386280","display_name":"Tyng-Luh Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8366-5213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141710","display_name":"Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/044gv5910","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141710","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tyng-Luh Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan","Inst. of Inf. Sci., Acad. Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Inf. Sci., Acad. Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6648,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9727538,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"822","last_page":"836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9620000123977661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-subtraction","display_name":"Background subtraction","score":0.8035414218902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.7662265300750732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7187459468841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6084259152412415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5548436045646667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5019528865814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5002143383026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.4742545187473297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.47195473313331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4653077721595764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4112106263637543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4072309732437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32570528984069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.325543612241745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32653426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813641","display_name":"Background subtraction","level":3,"score":0.8035414218902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.7662265300750732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7187459468841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6084259152412415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5548436045646667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5019528865814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5002143383026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.4742545187473297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47195473313331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4653077721595764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4112106263637543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4072309732437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32570528984069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.325543612241745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2010.2075938","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2010.2075938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20840901","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20840901","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487980058","https://openalex.org/W1499877760","https://openalex.org/W1693345094","https://openalex.org/W1935209694","https://openalex.org/W2072595688","https://openalex.org/W2096309046","https://openalex.org/W2097350683","https://openalex.org/W2098305432","https://openalex.org/W2102625004","https://openalex.org/W2104733578","https://openalex.org/W2111427798","https://openalex.org/W2114701396","https://openalex.org/W2115415549","https://openalex.org/W2125884443","https://openalex.org/W2130293653","https://openalex.org/W2135910427","https://openalex.org/W2137664602","https://openalex.org/W2138562085","https://openalex.org/W2139504318","https://openalex.org/W2140235142","https://openalex.org/W2143373691","https://openalex.org/W2148290050","https://openalex.org/W2150489380","https://openalex.org/W2153330371","https://openalex.org/W2161542313","https://openalex.org/W2166978545","https://openalex.org/W2168813398","https://openalex.org/W2168898335","https://openalex.org/W2171885832","https://openalex.org/W4248936881","https://openalex.org/W6629269813","https://openalex.org/W6637369054","https://openalex.org/W6675965542","https://openalex.org/W6676973682","https://openalex.org/W6679883415","https://openalex.org/W6680274949","https://openalex.org/W6680659064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034462085","https://openalex.org/W2337415362","https://openalex.org/W2740820121","https://openalex.org/W2141888456","https://openalex.org/W3096301266","https://openalex.org/W1983333094","https://openalex.org/W1574409659","https://openalex.org/W1643724255","https://openalex.org/W2542932817","https://openalex.org/W4248936881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"model":[1],"a":[2,12,28,61,126],"scene":[3],"for":[4,15,47,75,104,141,158],"background":[5,21,33,102],"subtraction,":[6],"Gaussian":[7],"mixture":[8],"modeling":[9],"(GMM)":[10],"is":[11,41,94,132],"popular":[13],"choice":[14],"its":[16],"capability":[17],"of":[18,55,70,82,101,160],"adaptation":[19,103,159],"to":[20,32,37,97,107,113,121,134],"variations.":[22],"However,":[23],"GMM":[24,105,169],"often":[25],"suffers":[26],"from":[27],"tradeoff":[29,46,62],"between":[30],"robustness":[31],"changes":[34],"and":[35,40,81,106],"sensitivity":[36],"foreground":[38,144],"abnormalities":[39],"inefficient":[42],"in":[43,129],"managing":[44],"the":[45,53,71,110,136,148,156],"various":[48],"surveillance":[49],"scenarios.":[50],"By":[51],"reviewing":[52],"formulations":[54],"GMM,":[56,125],"we":[57],"identify":[58],"that":[59,117],"such":[60],"can":[63],"be":[64,122],"easily":[65],"controlled":[66],"by":[67,124],"adaptive":[68],"adjustments":[69],"GMM's":[72],"learning":[73,150],"rates":[74],"image":[76],"pixels":[77],"at":[78],"different":[79],"locations":[80],"distinct":[83],"properties.":[84],"A":[85],"new":[86],"rate":[87,138,151],"control":[88,139,152],"scheme":[89,140],"based":[90],"on":[91],"high-level":[92],"feedback":[93],"then":[95],"developed":[96],"provide":[98],"better":[99,165],"regularization":[100],"help":[108],"resolving":[109],"tradeoff.":[111],"Additionally,":[112],"handle":[114],"lighting":[115,162],"variations":[116],"change":[118],"too":[119],"fast":[120],"caught":[123],"heuristic":[127,157],"rooting":[128],"frame":[130],"difference":[131],"proposed":[133,137,149],"assist":[135],"reducing":[142],"false":[143],"alarms.":[145],"Experiments":[146],"show":[147],"scheme,":[153],"together":[154],"with":[155],"over-quick":[161],"change,":[163],"gives":[164],"performance":[166],"than":[167],"conventional":[168],"approaches.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
