{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118357699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2010.2071310","title":"Random N-Finder (N-FINDR) Endmember Extraction Algorithms for Hyperspectral Imagery","display_name":"Random N-Finder (N-FINDR) Endmember Extraction Algorithms for Hyperspectral Imagery","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118357699","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2010.2071310","mag":"2118357699","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20813643"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2010.2071310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2010.2071310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113857481","display_name":"Chein-l Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chein-l Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA. cchang@umbc.edu","Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA. cchang@umbc.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026841863","display_name":"Chao-Cheng Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Cheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102178540","display_name":"Ching-Tsorng Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169090423","display_name":"Tunghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zhvdn11","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169090423"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Tsorng Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169090423"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9499,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97331083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"641","last_page":"656"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endmember","display_name":"Endmember","score":0.9805876016616821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.6642438769340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.6550535559654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6032605171203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5993871092796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realization","display_name":"Realization (probability)","score":0.5973057746887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5739165544509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5029234290122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4891674816608429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.472729355096817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42172834277153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.41574203968048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35527342557907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29547983407974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09994259476661682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.09591847658157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09046351909637451}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58237817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376204","display_name":"Endmember","level":3,"score":0.9805876016616821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.6642438769340515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.6550535559654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6032605171203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5993871092796326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.5973057746887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5739165544509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5029234290122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4891674816608429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.472729355096817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42172834277153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.41574203968048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35527342557907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29547983407974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09994259476661682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.09591847658157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09046351909637451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2010.2071310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2010.2071310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20813643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20813643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532610010","https://openalex.org/W1578368825","https://openalex.org/W1582058549","https://openalex.org/W2061230685","https://openalex.org/W2063541597","https://openalex.org/W2092819825","https://openalex.org/W2098295833","https://openalex.org/W2102159812","https://openalex.org/W2117027921","https://openalex.org/W2117741752","https://openalex.org/W2118943995","https://openalex.org/W2142786738","https://openalex.org/W2147043781","https://openalex.org/W2155621615","https://openalex.org/W2157321686","https://openalex.org/W2165755981","https://openalex.org/W2170395949","https://openalex.org/W3139499394","https://openalex.org/W4248253651","https://openalex.org/W6634825034","https://openalex.org/W6665884731","https://openalex.org/W6792379847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004010199","https://openalex.org/W2066195674","https://openalex.org/W2509816548","https://openalex.org/W1969622241","https://openalex.org/W3095255884","https://openalex.org/W2611349426","https://openalex.org/W3205581890","https://openalex.org/W3154145980","https://openalex.org/W2016783474","https://openalex.org/W2062246128"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"N-finder":[0],"algorithm":[1],"(N-FINDR)":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,68,87,144,150,186,233],"endmember":[8,71,142],"extraction.":[9],"When":[10],"it":[11,147],"comes":[12],"to":[13,18,30,109,206,229],"implementation":[14],"several":[15],"issues":[16,95],"need":[17],"be":[19,97],"addressed.":[20],"One":[21],"is":[22,33,45,59,108,133,140,161,168,191],"determination":[23],"of":[24,48,62,129,154,158,173,181],"endmembers,":[25],"p":[26,190],"required":[27],"for":[28,201,220],"N-FINDR":[29,86,112,119,167],"generate.":[31],"Another":[32],"its":[34,46,60,231],"computational":[35],"complexity":[36],"resulting":[37],"from":[38],"an":[39,104,141],"exhaustive":[40],"search.":[41],"A":[42,51],"third":[43],"one":[44,127,136],"requirement":[47],"dimensionality":[49],"reduction.":[50],"fourth":[52],"and":[53,73,222],"probably":[54],"the":[55,81,85,93,101,111,145,166,171,184,189,196,208],"most":[56],"critical":[57],"issue":[58,103],"use":[61],"random":[63,115,118,130,156],"initial":[64,131,159],"endmembers":[65,132,160],"which":[66,187],"results":[67,74],"inconsistent":[69],"final":[70],"selection":[72],"are":[75,218,226],"not":[76],"reproducible.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"re-invents":[80],"wheel":[82],"by":[83,177,195],"re-designing":[84],"such":[88],"a":[89,114,123],"way":[90],"that":[91,122],"all":[92,174],"above-mentioned":[94],"can":[96],"resolved":[98],"while":[99],"making":[100],"last":[102],"advantage.":[105],"The":[106],"idea":[107],"implement":[110],"as":[113,135],"algorithm,":[116],"called":[117],"(RN-FINDR)":[120],"so":[121],"single":[124],"run":[125],"using":[126],"set":[128,157,198],"considered":[134],"realization.":[137],"If":[138],"there":[139],"present":[143],"data,":[146],"should":[148],"appear":[149],"any":[151,202],"realization":[152],"regardless":[153],"what":[155],"used.":[162],"In":[163,204],"this":[164],"case,":[165],"terminated":[169],"when":[170],"intersection":[172,197],"realizations":[175],"produced":[176],"two":[178],"consecutive":[179],"runs":[180],"RN-FINDR":[182,210],"remains":[183],"same":[185],"case":[188],"then":[192],"automatically":[193],"determined":[194],"without":[199],"appealing":[200],"criterion.":[203],"order":[205],"substantiate":[207],"proposed":[209],"custom-designed":[211],"synthetic":[212],"image":[213,224],"experiments":[214,225],"with":[215],"complete":[216],"knowledge":[217],"conducted":[219],"validation":[221],"real":[223],"also":[227],"performed":[228],"demonstrate":[230],"utility":[232],"applications.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}