{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2131282907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2009.2033427","title":"An Analysis of IrisCode","display_name":"An Analysis of IrisCode","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2131282907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2009.2033427","mag":"2131282907","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20083454"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2009.2033427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2009.2033427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047970310","display_name":"Adams Wai\u2010Kin Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9728-9511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.W.K. Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forensics and Security Laboratory, School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. adamskong@ntu.edu.sg","Forensics & Security Lab., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forensics and Security Laboratory, School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. adamskong@ntu.edu.sg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forensics & Security Lab., Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325058","display_name":"David Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5027-5286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biometrics Research Centre Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","Biometrics Res. Centre Dept. of Comput., Hong Kong Polytech. Univ., Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics Research Centre Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Kowloon, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biometrics Res. Centre Dept. of Comput., Hong Kong Polytech. Univ., Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039318050","display_name":"Mohamed S. Kamel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6173-8082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.S. Kamel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Research Group, University of Waterloo, ONT, Canada","Pattern Anal. & Machine Intell. Res. Group, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Research Group, University of Waterloo, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pattern Anal. & Machine Intell. Res. Group, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5254,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9294268,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"522","last_page":"532"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-distance","display_name":"Hamming distance","score":0.7644431591033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iris-recognition","display_name":"Iris recognition","score":0.6194946765899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitwise-operation","display_name":"Bitwise operation","score":0.5957844853401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5659533739089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5644558072090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5196510553359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5009880065917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4945816695690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.478670209646225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.44831329584121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabor-filter","display_name":"Gabor filter","score":0.4469972550868988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamming-code","display_name":"Hamming code","score":0.43321114778518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39984047412872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.26748085021972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.16843095421791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1580274999141693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.7644431591033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112356035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1672722","display_name":"Iris recognition","level":3,"score":0.6194946765899658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134765980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879126","display_name":"Bitwise operation","level":2,"score":0.5957844853401184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5659533739089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5644558072090149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5196510553359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5009880065917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4945816695690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.478670209646225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.44831329584121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779883129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2447890","display_name":"Gabor filter","level":3,"score":0.4469972550868988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.43321114778518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39984047412872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.26748085021972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.16843095421791077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1580274999141693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056667","descriptor_name":"Biometric Identification","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056667","descriptor_name":"Biometric Identification","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056667","descriptor_name":"Biometric Identification","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2009.2033427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2009.2033427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20083454","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20083454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/10907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/10907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal/Magazine Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178227285","https://openalex.org/W1036054171","https://openalex.org/W1560071024","https://openalex.org/W1579170506","https://openalex.org/W1804893443","https://openalex.org/W1974821667","https://openalex.org/W1977657217","https://openalex.org/W1991605728","https://openalex.org/W2010058603","https://openalex.org/W2013491563","https://openalex.org/W2057934663","https://openalex.org/W2063021555","https://openalex.org/W2086383433","https://openalex.org/W2088495765","https://openalex.org/W2088714418","https://openalex.org/W2090425678","https://openalex.org/W2098048457","https://openalex.org/W2102796633","https://openalex.org/W2114214092","https://openalex.org/W2126386631","https://openalex.org/W2130748781","https://openalex.org/W2135075261","https://openalex.org/W2142299222","https://openalex.org/W2152101082","https://openalex.org/W2160242612","https://openalex.org/W2160776381","https://openalex.org/W2161036210","https://openalex.org/W2164017354","https://openalex.org/W2167075312","https://openalex.org/W2542468035","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2621140960","https://openalex.org/W2769170976","https://openalex.org/W3112293456","https://openalex.org/W4231138265","https://openalex.org/W4233461051","https://openalex.org/W4233933606","https://openalex.org/W4243097765","https://openalex.org/W4250871362","https://openalex.org/W4252587395","https://openalex.org/W4394284326","https://openalex.org/W6674785436"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349802214","https://openalex.org/W2810426748","https://openalex.org/W2323607929","https://openalex.org/W1549876013","https://openalex.org/W2134943214","https://openalex.org/W2347964496","https://openalex.org/W2943247777","https://openalex.org/W2020941784","https://openalex.org/W3113034539","https://openalex.org/W2740543340"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"IrisCode":[0,24,110,119,203],"is":[1,82,120,133],"an":[2,26,86],"iris":[3,21,27,65],"recognition":[4,22],"algorithm":[5,123],"developed":[6,63],"in":[7,19,150],"1993":[8],"and":[9,43,54,66,105,111,143,162,204],"continuously":[10],"improved":[11],"by":[12,147],"Daugman.":[13],"It":[14],"has":[15,32],"been":[16,62],"extensively":[17],"applied":[18],"commercial":[20],"systems.":[23],"representing":[25],"based":[28],"on":[29],"coarse":[30,97],"phase":[31,98,103,141,173,194],"a":[33,44,72,89,101,121,130,134,140,148,159,171,192],"number":[34],"of":[35,50,75,79,91,129,181],"properties":[36],"including":[37],"rapid":[38],"matching,":[39],"binomial":[40,184],"impostor":[41,183],"distribution":[42],"predictable":[45],"false":[46],"acceptance":[47],"rate.":[48],"Because":[49],"its":[51],"successful":[52],"applications":[53],"these":[55],"properties,":[56],"many":[57,151],"similar":[58],"coding":[59,113,206],"methods":[60],"have":[61],"for":[64],"palmprint":[67],"identification.":[68],"However,":[69],"we":[70,201],"lack":[71],"detailed":[73],"analysis":[74,87,116,189],"IrisCode.":[76],"The":[77],"aim":[78],"this":[80,188],"paper":[81],"to":[83,100,139,190],"provide":[84],"such":[85],"as":[88,158,170],"way":[90],"better":[92],"understanding":[93],"IrisCode,":[94],"extending":[95],"the":[96,107,127,163,178,182],"representation":[99,195],"precise":[102,193],"representation,":[104],"uncovering":[106],"relationship":[108],"between":[109],"other":[112,205],"methods.":[114,207],"Our":[115],"demonstrates":[117],"that":[118],"clustering":[122],"with":[124,137],"four":[125],"prototypes;":[126],"locus":[128],"Gabor":[131,153],"function":[132,154],"2-D":[135],"ellipse":[136],"respect":[138],"parameter":[142],"can":[144,155,167,197],"be":[145,156,168],"approximated":[146],"circle":[149],"cases;":[152],"considered":[157],"phase-steerable":[160],"filter":[161],"bitwise":[164,172],"hamming":[165],"distance":[166],"regarded":[169],"distance.":[174],"We":[175,186],"also":[176],"discuss":[177],"theoretical":[179],"foundation":[180],"distribution.":[185],"use":[187],"develop":[191],"which":[196],"enhance":[198],"accuracy.":[199],"Finally,":[200],"relate":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}