{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146200771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2009.2012908","title":"SoftCuts: A Soft Edge Smoothness Prior for Color Image Super-Resolution","display_name":"SoftCuts: A Soft Edge Smoothness Prior for Color Image Super-Resolution","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146200771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2009.2012908","mag":"2146200771","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19342335"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2009.2012908","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2009.2012908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109410062","display_name":"Shengyang Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shengyang Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. s-dai@northwestern.edu","[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. s-dai@northwestern.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100774500","display_name":"Mei Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3123-2205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","Google Inc., Mountain View, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Inc., Mountain View, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101982130","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6265-6943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107353","display_name":"NEC (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01v791m31","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220","https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories of America, Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA","NEC Labs. America, Inc., Cupertino, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories of America, Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Labs. America, Inc., Cupertino, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054640772","display_name":"Ying Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-7054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102379081","display_name":"Yihong Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107353","display_name":"NEC (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01v791m31","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347220","https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihong Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","NEC Labs. America, Inc., Cupertino, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Labs. America, Inc., Cupertino, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048650003","display_name":"Aggelos K. Katsaggelos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4554-0070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.K. Katsaggelos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109410062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":215,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9657502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"969","last_page":"981"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6595993638038635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6310120820999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5185609459877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.49268513917922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.49248751997947693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.45658889412879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-detection","display_name":"Edge detection","score":0.4210210144519806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-restoration","display_name":"Image restoration","score":0.41592782735824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3814490735530853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6595993638038635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6310120820999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5185609459877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.49268513917922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.49248751997947693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.45658889412879944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193536780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513153","display_name":"Edge detection","level":4,"score":0.4210210144519806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.41592782735824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3814490735530853}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tip.2009.2012908","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2009.2012908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173141","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","issn_l":"1057-7149","issn":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19342335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19342335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on image processing : a publication of the IEEE Signal Processing Society","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.161.3489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.161.3489","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ece.northwestern.edu/~yingwu/papers/journal/TIP2009a_SR_final.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.212.7644","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.212.7644","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ece.northwestern.edu/~sda690/SoftCuts_TIP.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.343.349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.343.349","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ivpl.ece.northwestern.edu/system/files/softcuts.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560541172","https://openalex.org/W1587280060","https://openalex.org/W1910615622","https://openalex.org/W1999666556","https://openalex.org/W2016598597","https://openalex.org/W2035773017","https://openalex.org/W2066911471","https://openalex.org/W2072921527","https://openalex.org/W2073895861","https://openalex.org/W2077903051","https://openalex.org/W2095727488","https://openalex.org/W2097074225","https://openalex.org/W2099470017","https://openalex.org/W2103559027","https://openalex.org/W2103824707","https://openalex.org/W2105365768","https://openalex.org/W2108626868","https://openalex.org/W2113137767","https://openalex.org/W2114398647","https://openalex.org/W2115277592","https://openalex.org/W2115548755","https://openalex.org/W2118963448","https://openalex.org/W2119302101","https://openalex.org/W2119695388","https://openalex.org/W2120853285","https://openalex.org/W2122661899","https://openalex.org/W2123439067","https://openalex.org/W2127401436","https://openalex.org/W2129247234","https://openalex.org/W2131349449","https://openalex.org/W2135060412","https://openalex.org/W2140257560","https://openalex.org/W2143516773","https://openalex.org/W2148450250","https://openalex.org/W2149760002","https://openalex.org/W2163523041","https://openalex.org/W2164307510","https://openalex.org/W2165939075","https://openalex.org/W2167897892","https://openalex.org/W2172128189","https://openalex.org/W2296146720","https://openalex.org/W4212931420","https://openalex.org/W4213036476","https://openalex.org/W6635044920","https://openalex.org/W6659483329","https://openalex.org/W6675124754","https://openalex.org/W6676981982","https://openalex.org/W6677548907","https://openalex.org/W6678179167","https://openalex.org/W6681850798","https://openalex.org/W6684221638"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357322570","https://openalex.org/W90581812","https://openalex.org/W2997591215","https://openalex.org/W2227541280","https://openalex.org/W2038232617","https://openalex.org/W2974904990","https://openalex.org/W2029783634","https://openalex.org/W2116510815","https://openalex.org/W17460865","https://openalex.org/W2372578044"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Designing":[0],"effective":[1],"image":[2,9,38,133,138],"priors":[3],"is":[4,13,22,26,45],"of":[5,85,97,110,120,157,172],"great":[6],"interest":[7],"to":[8,28,48,141,147],"super-resolution":[10],"(SR),":[11],"which":[12,152,168],"a":[14,64,117,154],"severely":[15],"under-determined":[16],"problem.":[17],"An":[18],"edge":[19,32,60,77,123],"smoothness":[20,61,78,124],"prior":[21,125],"favored":[23],"since":[24],"it":[25,44],"able":[27],"suppress":[29],"the":[30,70,82,94,127,148,170,173],"jagged":[31],"artifact":[33],"effectively.":[34],"However,":[35],"for":[36,52,131],"soft":[37,59,76,122],"edges":[39,139,158],"with":[40,159],"gradual":[41],"intensity":[42,91],"transitions,":[43],"generally":[46],"difficult":[47],"obtain":[49],"analytical":[50],"forms":[51],"evaluating":[53],"their":[54,142],"smoothness.":[55],"This":[56,145],"paper":[57,115],"characterizes":[58],"based":[62],"on":[63],"novel":[65,118],"SoftCuts":[66,150],"metric":[67],"by":[68,105,135],"generalizing":[69],"Geocuts":[71],"method":[72],".":[73],"The":[74],"proposed":[75,174],"measure":[79],"can":[80,101],"approximate":[81],"average":[83],"length":[84,96],"all":[86,98],"level":[87,99],"lines":[88,100],"in":[89],"an":[90],"image.":[92],"Thus,":[93],"total":[95],"be":[102],"minimized":[103],"effectively":[104],"integrating":[106],"this":[107,114,121],"new":[108],"form":[109],"prior.":[111],"In":[112],"addition,":[113],"presents":[116],"combination":[119],"and":[126,162],"alpha":[128],"matting":[129],"technique":[130],"color":[132],"SR,":[134],"adaptively":[136],"normalizing":[137],"according":[140],"alpha-channel":[143],"description.":[144],"leads":[146],"adaptive":[149],"algorithm,":[151],"represents":[153],"unified":[155],"treatment":[156],"different":[160],"contrasts":[161],"scales.":[163],"Experimental":[164],"results":[165],"are":[166],"presented":[167],"demonstrate":[169],"effectiveness":[171],"method.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}