{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413979076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3606038","title":"Design and Evaluation of a BLE-Based Beamforming Measurement System for RSSI Differentiation","display_name":"Design and Evaluation of a BLE-Based Beamforming Measurement System for RSSI Differentiation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413979076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3606038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3606038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3606038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436332","display_name":"Dong\u2010Jin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-869X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161173","display_name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzcxt97","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4210161173","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Jin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Railway Control and Communication Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3135-869X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Railway Control and Communication Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090463501","display_name":"Kyunghee Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3743-3315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161173","display_name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzcxt97","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4210161173","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyung-Hee Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart Mobility Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3743-3315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Mobility Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161173"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026105731","display_name":"Tae-Ki An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7974-6347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161173","display_name":"Korea Railroad Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04gzcxt97","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4210161173","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tae-Ki An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smart Mobility Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7974-6347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smart Mobility Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161173"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24933057,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9221000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9139999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7444023489952087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5321589708328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41286301612854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3409295082092285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3311569392681122}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7444023489952087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5321589708328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41286301612854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3409295082092285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3311569392681122}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3606038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3606038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W4391913857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,72],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,46,67,77,81,87,106,142,146],"design":[4],"and":[5,69,126,136,153],"evaluation":[6],"of":[7,48,144],"a":[8,56,99],"Bluetooth":[9],"Low":[10],"Energy":[11],"(BLE)-based":[12],"beamforming":[13,58],"measurement":[14,124],"system":[15,102,148],"for":[16],"enhanced":[17],"terminal":[18,82,137],"differentiation":[19,158],"in":[20,115,149],"indoor":[21],"environments.":[22],"The":[23,122,139],"conventional":[24,120],"sum-beam":[25],"method":[26,108],"using":[27],"array":[28],"antennas":[29],"often":[30],"fails":[31],"to":[32,65,111,119],"provide":[33],"sufficient":[34],"Received":[35],"Signal":[36],"Strength":[37],"Indicator":[38],"(RSSI)":[39],"contrast":[40],"between":[41],"adjacent":[42],"Smart":[43],"Blocks,":[44],"limiting":[45],"precision":[47],"proximity":[49],"sensing.":[50],"To":[51],"overcome":[52],"this,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"novel":[57],"technique":[59],"that":[60,76,105],"employs":[61],"microcontroller-driven":[62],"RF":[63],"switching":[64],"compare":[66],"sum":[68],"delta":[70],"beams.":[71],"hardware-implemented":[73],"approach":[74],"ensures":[75],"received":[78],"power":[79],"at":[80],"is":[83],"determined":[84],"exclusively":[85],"by":[86],"antenna":[88],"radiation":[89],"pattern,":[90],"thereby":[91],"improving":[92],"spatial":[93],"selectivity.":[94],"Experimental":[95],"measurements":[96],"conducted":[97],"on":[98],"Gate-Free":[100],"fare":[101],"testbed":[103],"demonstrate":[104],"proposed":[107,147],"achieves":[109],"up":[110],"9.3":[112],"dB":[113],"improvement":[114],"RSSI":[116],"separation":[117],"compared":[118],"configurations.":[121],"system\u2019s":[123],"repeatability":[125],"robustness":[127],"were":[128],"validated":[129],"through":[130],"repeated":[131],"trials":[132],"under":[133],"varying":[134],"distances":[135],"heights.":[138],"results":[140],"confirm":[141],"feasibility":[143],"deploying":[145],"BLE-based":[150],"real-time":[151],"localization":[152],"sensing":[154],"applications":[155],"requiring":[156],"high":[157],"accuracy.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
