{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413822198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3604127","title":"A Vernier TDC With a Time Multiplier Achieving FoM of 0.079 pJ/Conversion","display_name":"A Vernier TDC With a Time Multiplier Achieving FoM of 0.079 pJ/Conversion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413822198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3604127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3604127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3604127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089620082","display_name":"H.G. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1201-0305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyunjin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1201-0305","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019714862","display_name":"H. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Ju Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0799-3404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046492541","display_name":"Yun Chan Im","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9187-9169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Chan Im","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9187-9169","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025779988","display_name":"Yong Sin Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-1496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Sin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6177-1496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089620082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26099421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9535999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9527000188827515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vernier-scale","display_name":"Vernier scale","score":0.9191874861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.5660660862922668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.43518853187561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42981451749801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.31831875443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20077919960021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1342373490333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.12129387259483337}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69710193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14946576","display_name":"Vernier scale","level":2,"score":0.9191874861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5660660862922668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.43518853187561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42981451749801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.31831875443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20077919960021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1342373490333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12129387259483337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3604127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3604127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2623705610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A2C2014652","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994184480","https://openalex.org/W2037130044","https://openalex.org/W2044826848","https://openalex.org/W2062779032","https://openalex.org/W2075169931","https://openalex.org/W2103300303","https://openalex.org/W2105980164","https://openalex.org/W2107215319","https://openalex.org/W2108435403","https://openalex.org/W2112731410","https://openalex.org/W2120935131","https://openalex.org/W2141963277","https://openalex.org/W2152144298","https://openalex.org/W2163903773","https://openalex.org/W2172107008","https://openalex.org/W2277547979","https://openalex.org/W2588636137","https://openalex.org/W2782103515","https://openalex.org/W2806175295","https://openalex.org/W2853334755","https://openalex.org/W2890379021","https://openalex.org/W2966145430","https://openalex.org/W2969290707","https://openalex.org/W3000498365","https://openalex.org/W3009068379","https://openalex.org/W3092218596","https://openalex.org/W3120818719","https://openalex.org/W3120996088","https://openalex.org/W3132889034","https://openalex.org/W3141549138","https://openalex.org/W3176350818","https://openalex.org/W3181929101","https://openalex.org/W3216236325","https://openalex.org/W4211122635","https://openalex.org/W4220893703","https://openalex.org/W4285203728","https://openalex.org/W4320002621","https://openalex.org/W4361220141","https://openalex.org/W4389855526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compare":[0],"to":[1,4,169],"conventional":[2,49,93],"time":[3,15,25,62,109],"digital":[5],"converters":[6],"(TDCs)":[7],"with":[8,57,107],"a":[9,58,104,108],"single":[10],"oscillator,":[11],"Vernier":[12,50,94,105,132],"TDCs":[13,51],"enhance":[14],"resolution":[16],"by":[17,123],"having":[18,124],"two":[19],"separate":[20],"oscillators.":[21],"To":[22,45],"achieve":[23],"smaller":[24],"resolution,":[26],"either":[27],"advanced":[28],"processes":[29],"or":[30,42],"higher":[31,40],"frequency":[32],"can":[33],"be":[34],"used":[35],"at":[36,145,164],"the":[37,70,92,98,116,138,157],"expense":[38],"of":[39,118,127,141,143,153,156],"cost":[41],"larger":[43],"power.":[44,150],"overcome":[46],"this":[47],"problem,":[48],"have":[52],"been":[53],"developed":[54],"in":[55,91,134],"conjunction":[56],"pulse":[59],"shrinking":[60],"and":[61,79,120],"amplifying":[63,97],"schemes":[64],"that":[65,111],"acquire":[66],"additional":[67],"resolutions":[68],"from":[69],"residue":[71,84,99,128],"time.":[72,85,100,129],"However,":[73],"these":[74],"methods":[75],"cause":[76],"dead":[77,113],"zone":[78],"gain":[80,89],"nonlinearity":[81],"for":[82],"small":[83],"Moreover,":[86],"jitter":[87],"degrades":[88],"error":[90],"TDC":[95,106,133,159],"while":[96,147],"This":[101],"paper":[102],"proposes":[103],"multiplier":[110],"eliminates":[112],"zone,":[114],"reduces":[115],"effect":[117],"jitter,":[119],"increases":[121],"linearity":[122],"multiple":[125],"number":[126,140],"The":[130,151],"proposed":[131,158],"180nm":[135],"CMOS":[136],"achieves":[137],"effective":[139],"bits":[142],"12.38":[144],"2.66MS/s":[146],"consuming":[148],"1.12mW":[149],"figure":[152],"merit":[154],"(FoM)":[155],"is":[160],"0.079pJ/conv.,":[161],"which":[162],"exhibits":[163],"least":[165],"2.15":[166],"times":[167],"superior":[168],"prior":[170],"state-of-the-arts.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}