{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413212919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3597674","title":"A Heart Rate Measurement Model Based on Koopman Predictors With FMCW Radar","display_name":"A Heart Rate Measurement Model Based on Koopman Predictors With FMCW Radar","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413212919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3597674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3597674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3597674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065797055","display_name":"Congsheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7658-1943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130112","display_name":"China Academy of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038dte259","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130112","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Congsheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7658-1943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Di Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2374-4456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130112","display_name":"China Academy of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038dte259","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130112","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2374-4456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102729849","display_name":"Lei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1844-3809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130112","display_name":"China Academy of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038dte259","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130112","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1844-3809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100756725","display_name":"Min Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-9271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117980","display_name":"Health Biomed (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwx5237","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117980"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144436","display_name":"Shanghai Huayi Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/044f58834","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144436"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heaye Health Technology Company Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, China","Heaye Health Technology Co., Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2649-9271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heaye Health Technology Company Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heaye Health Technology Co., Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104111230","display_name":"Yanwen Fang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117980","display_name":"Health Biomed (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwx5237","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117980"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144436","display_name":"Shanghai Huayi Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/044f58834","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144436"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanwen Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heaye Health Technology Company Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, China","Heaye Health Technology Co., Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2819-6838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heaye Health Technology Company Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heaye Health Technology Co., Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117980"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055227800","display_name":"Zhongcai Liao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117980","display_name":"Health Biomed (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02nwx5237","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117980"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144436","display_name":"Shanghai Huayi Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/044f58834","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144436"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongcai Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heaye Health Technology Company Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, China","Heaye Health Technology Co., Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3803-577X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heaye Health Technology Company Ltd., Huzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heaye Health Technology Co., Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117980"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065797055"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130112"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18419064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5850745439529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.532662034034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4326075613498688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4213334918022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.36477646231651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.31963014602661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2607685327529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21231192350387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13814091682434082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5850745439529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.532662034034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4326075613498688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4213334918022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36477646231651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.31963014602661133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2607685327529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21231192350387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13814091682434082}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3597674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3597674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5910617217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC2408000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1591018827","https://openalex.org/W1997054581","https://openalex.org/W2100132513","https://openalex.org/W2740067166","https://openalex.org/W2768606132","https://openalex.org/W2898845453","https://openalex.org/W2955512156","https://openalex.org/W2989940096","https://openalex.org/W3014590059","https://openalex.org/W3015878102","https://openalex.org/W3021995473","https://openalex.org/W3109123888","https://openalex.org/W3131395107","https://openalex.org/W3206433963","https://openalex.org/W4206119358","https://openalex.org/W4210283270","https://openalex.org/W4225757344","https://openalex.org/W4229441715","https://openalex.org/W4293094603","https://openalex.org/W4296705505","https://openalex.org/W4303981148","https://openalex.org/W4308973754","https://openalex.org/W4366147725","https://openalex.org/W4385248623","https://openalex.org/W4385453382","https://openalex.org/W4386609210","https://openalex.org/W4386748963","https://openalex.org/W4388240397","https://openalex.org/W4389831853","https://openalex.org/W4392903783","https://openalex.org/W4392931571","https://openalex.org/W4399622598","https://openalex.org/W4401017538","https://openalex.org/W4402865217","https://openalex.org/W4403277702","https://openalex.org/W4403353082","https://openalex.org/W4404410665","https://openalex.org/W4406638123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2555581363","https://openalex.org/W2091887884","https://openalex.org/W4313855562","https://openalex.org/W2142793224","https://openalex.org/W2091422131","https://openalex.org/W2892233029","https://openalex.org/W3154381281","https://openalex.org/W2742737769","https://openalex.org/W4210638523","https://openalex.org/W4200360890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,89,144,201],"new":[4],"deep":[5],"sequence":[6],"model":[7,29,93,105,149,189],"based":[8],"on":[9,143],"Koopman":[10,32,40],"theory,":[11],"named":[12],"HRKNet,":[13],"designed":[14],"for":[15,119,204],"heart":[16],"rate":[17],"(HR)":[18],"measurement":[19,121,142],"using":[20,78,109,212],"frequency":[21],"modulated":[22],"continuous":[23],"wave":[24],"(FMCW)":[25],"radar.":[26,214],"The":[27,46,60,92,114],"HRKNet":[28,188],"comprises":[30],"multiple":[31],"blocks,":[33],"which":[34],"include":[35],"the":[36,67,72,79,84,96,104,148,164,170,187,210],"Fourier":[37,47],"filter,":[38],"time-invariant":[39,56,61,64],"predictor":[41],"(KP),":[42],"and":[43,57,87,128,136,194],"time-variant":[44,58,73,76],"KP.":[45],"filter":[48],"employs":[49],"frequency-domain":[50],"statistical":[51],"techniques":[52],"to":[53],"differentiate":[54],"between":[55],"components.":[59],"KP":[62,74],"processes":[63],"dynamics":[65,77],"through":[66],"global":[68],"learning":[69],"operator,":[70],"whereas":[71],"manages":[75],"local":[80],"computation":[81],"operator":[82],"within":[83],"backtracking":[85],"window":[86],"produces":[88],"fit":[90],"input.":[91],"then":[94],"outputs":[95],"aggregated":[97],"predictions":[98],"from":[99,111],"all":[100],"blocks.":[101],"Validation":[102],"of":[103,153,161,183],"is":[106,122,133,174,216],"carried":[107],"out":[108],"data":[110],"various":[112],"scenarios.":[113],"mean":[115],"absolute":[116],"error":[117],"(MAE)":[118],"HR":[120,141,206],"2.68":[123],"bpm":[124],"under":[125],"stationary":[126],"conditions":[127],"3.18":[129],"bpm,":[130,155],"when":[131],"there":[132],"body":[134],"movement":[135],"external":[137],"interference.":[138],"In":[139,185],"multitarget":[140],"publicly":[145],"available":[146,217],"dataset,":[147],"achieves":[150],"an":[151],"MAE":[152],"2.69":[154],"outperforming":[156],"other":[157],"models":[158],"in":[159],"terms":[160],"accuracy.":[162],"With":[163],"parameter":[165],"configuration":[166],"providing":[167],"optimal":[168],"performance,":[169],"model\u2019s":[171],"prediction":[172],"time":[173,178],"18.45":[175],"ms":[176],"per":[177],"window,":[179],"utilizing":[180],"24.84":[181],"MB":[182],"memory.":[184],"conclusion,":[186],"demonstrates":[190],"notable":[191],"robustness,":[192],"accuracy,":[193],"efficiency":[195],"across":[196],"different":[197],"monitoring":[198],"conditions,":[199],"offering":[200],"promising":[202],"method":[203],"deploying":[205],"estimation":[207],"algorithms":[208],"at":[209,218],"edge":[211],"FMCW":[213],"Code":[215],"this":[219],"repository:":[220],"<uri":[221],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[222],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/licongsheng/HRKNet</uri>":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}