{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413213013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3597623","title":"Difference Matrix and Self-Attention Mechanism for Series AC Arc Fault Detection","display_name":"Difference Matrix and Self-Attention Mechanism for Series AC Arc Fault Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413213013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3597623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3597623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3597623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081783683","display_name":"Xue Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3478-3299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xue Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3478-3299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenxin Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9525-1926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxin Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9525-1926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027895406","display_name":"Zhigang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5112-9627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhigang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5112-9627","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072400262","display_name":"Guofu Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1026-6024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guofu Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1026-6024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081783683"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70937018,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13293","display_name":"Engineering and Test Systems","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14011","display_name":"Elevator Systems and Control","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.5422334671020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.5273367166519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.43800753355026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4365631639957428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.43267709016799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-algebra","display_name":"Matrix algebra","score":0.410112202167511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3419789969921112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3207832872867584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28485023975372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25928807258605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20945516228675842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1568613052368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.09924337267875671}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5422334671020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5273367166519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43800753355026245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4365631639957428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.43267709016799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988995629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915729","display_name":"Matrix algebra","level":3,"score":0.410112202167511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3419789969921112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3207832872867584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28485023975372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25928807258605957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20945516228675842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1568613052368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.09924337267875671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3597623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3597623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7672508742","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52177133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128728535","https://openalex.org/W2140340494","https://openalex.org/W2536961119","https://openalex.org/W2542274068","https://openalex.org/W2572569838","https://openalex.org/W2798404911","https://openalex.org/W2800598202","https://openalex.org/W2903738303","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2964785234","https://openalex.org/W2998423323","https://openalex.org/W3082299565","https://openalex.org/W3119697583","https://openalex.org/W3177367985","https://openalex.org/W3184612210","https://openalex.org/W4205819167","https://openalex.org/W4225647516","https://openalex.org/W4312762236","https://openalex.org/W4319459285","https://openalex.org/W4389726829","https://openalex.org/W4394828308","https://openalex.org/W4400066388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2382997850","https://openalex.org/W2390968135","https://openalex.org/W2382213751","https://openalex.org/W2351750670","https://openalex.org/W1597848696","https://openalex.org/W2354715126","https://openalex.org/W2388563748","https://openalex.org/W2375179084","https://openalex.org/W2366646518","https://openalex.org/W2370906336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,71,122,138,234],"long-term":[1],"use":[2],"of":[3,11,15,22,37,136,190,194,197,208,217,225,245,255],"electrical":[4,38],"equipment":[5],"inevitably":[6],"results":[7,235],"in":[8,34,151,200],"the":[9,16,20,26,35,47,101,109,128,147,156,161,168,192,201,206,214,218,221,226,238],"occurrence":[10,36],"aging":[12,23],"or":[13,24],"breakage":[14],"cable":[17],"insulation.":[18],"In":[19,98],"event":[21],"breakage,":[25],"arc":[27,48,58,74,103,152,246],"may":[28,32],"be":[29],"produced,":[30],"which":[31],"result":[33],"fires.":[39],"Therefore,":[40],"it":[41,93],"is":[42,112,124,188],"necessary":[43],"to":[44,144],"accurately":[45],"detect":[46],"fault.":[49],"To":[50],"solve":[51],"this":[52,54,172],"problem,":[53],"article":[55,173],"proposes":[56],"an":[57],"fault":[59,75],"detection":[60,76,215,244,253],"framework":[61,72],"based":[62],"on":[63],"a":[64,68,86,95,113,133,175,183,252],"difference":[65,87,110,139,162,169,202],"matrix":[66,88,111,140,170,203],"and":[67,77,90,131,159,212,223,248],"self-attention":[69,184],"mechanism.":[70,185],"realizes":[73],"load":[78,249],"type":[79],"identification":[80],"by":[81,127,154],"converting":[82],"current":[83,104,153,157],"data":[84,119,158],"into":[85,94,120],"image":[89],"then":[91],"inputting":[92],"network":[96,178],"model.":[97,219],"comparison":[99],"with":[100,205,251],"conventional":[102],"time-frequency":[105],"feature":[106],"extraction":[107],"approach,":[108],"method":[114,123,228,240],"that":[115,181,237],"converts":[116],"time":[117,148],"series":[118],"images.":[121],"not":[125],"constrained":[126],"threshold":[129],"setting":[130],"exhibits":[132],"high":[134],"degree":[135],"self-adaptation.":[137],"has":[141],"been":[142],"shown":[143],"effectively":[145],"characterize":[146],"domain":[149],"features":[150,211],"downscaling":[155],"calculating":[160],"signals":[163,199],"at":[164],"different":[165,195],"scales.":[166],"For":[167],"image,":[171,204],"constructs":[174],"convolutional":[176],"neural":[177],"(CNN)":[179],"model":[180,187],"includes":[182],"This":[186],"capable":[189],"capturing":[191],"correlation":[193],"scales":[196],"differential":[198],"objective":[207],"weighting":[209],"key":[210],"enhancing":[213],"performance":[216],"Finally,":[220],"effectiveness":[222],"superiority":[224],"proposed":[227,239],"are":[229],"validated":[230],"through":[231],"experimental":[232],"analysis.":[233],"demonstrate":[236],"can":[241],"achieve":[242],"accurate":[243],"faults":[247],"types,":[250],"accuracy":[254],"98.85%.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T09:01:20.584952","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
