{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411949616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3585223","title":"Fault Detection of Neutron Flux Sensors for Instrumentation and Control Systems of Nuclear Power Plants","display_name":"Fault Detection of Neutron Flux Sensors for Instrumentation and Control Systems of Nuclear Power Plants","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411949616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3585223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3585223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3585223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118792046","display_name":"Neha Rani Yadav","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neha Rani Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5428-8013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037833249","display_name":"Suryakant Gautam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8579-9832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91277730","display_name":"Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vtd268","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91277730"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suryakant Gautam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India","Department of Electronics &#x0026; Communication Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8579-9832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91277730"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics &#x0026; Communication Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91277730"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061105911","display_name":"Prakash Kumar Tamboli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4034-146X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799456076","display_name":"Danish Energy Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wtazd67","country_code":"DK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799456076","https://openalex.org/I4210102581"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prakash K. Tamboli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hyme Energy Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark","Hyme Energy Aps, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4034-146X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hyme Energy Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799456076"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hyme Energy Aps, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799456076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043500933","display_name":"Lalit Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0375-3414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56404289","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology BHU","ror":"https://ror.org/01kh5gc44","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56404289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91357014","display_name":"Banaras Hindu University","ror":"https://ror.org/04cdn2797","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lalit Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India","Department of Computer Science &#x0026; Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0375-3414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science &#x0026; Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56404289","https://openalex.org/I91357014"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023837367","display_name":"Siddhartha P. Duttagupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-6787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddhartha P. Duttagupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-6787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118792046"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78825541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12560","display_name":"Nuclear Engineering Thermal-Hydraulics","score":0.9689000248908997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumentation","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","score":0.735749363899231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-power","display_name":"Nuclear power","score":0.5381478071212769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron","display_name":"Neutron","score":0.5335498452186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-engineering","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","score":0.5193087458610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neutron-flux","display_name":"Neutron flux","score":0.4977741539478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flux","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","score":0.4396510124206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.437527060508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.42918288707733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.41125380992889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39716821908950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.392076313495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-physics","display_name":"Nuclear physics","score":0.3877105116844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31107380986213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.19389396905899048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.10902205109596252}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.735749363899231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513653683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12739","display_name":"Nuclear power","level":2,"score":0.5381478071212769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152568617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348","display_name":"Neutron","level":2,"score":0.5335498452186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.5193087458610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81988546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239277","display_name":"Neutron flux","level":3,"score":0.4977741539478302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.4396510124206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.437527060508728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.42918288707733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.41125380992889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39716821908950806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.392076313495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.3877105116844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31107380986213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.19389396905899048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.10902205109596252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3585223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3585223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597576211","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W2071534836","https://openalex.org/W2081829568","https://openalex.org/W2096785317","https://openalex.org/W2131946827","https://openalex.org/W2160337655","https://openalex.org/W2213036418","https://openalex.org/W2216928509","https://openalex.org/W2605102185","https://openalex.org/W2606940917","https://openalex.org/W2891236523","https://openalex.org/W2911816871","https://openalex.org/W2932172387","https://openalex.org/W2973942754","https://openalex.org/W3099575767","https://openalex.org/W3134561016","https://openalex.org/W3137033450","https://openalex.org/W3210369631","https://openalex.org/W4205277493","https://openalex.org/W4205441678","https://openalex.org/W4226514619","https://openalex.org/W4235457221","https://openalex.org/W4291653119","https://openalex.org/W4292133349","https://openalex.org/W4295308198","https://openalex.org/W4302420972","https://openalex.org/W4312644849","https://openalex.org/W4379805674","https://openalex.org/W4387250756","https://openalex.org/W4390285273","https://openalex.org/W4402593241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W562823126","https://openalex.org/W2106037662","https://openalex.org/W1530419332","https://openalex.org/W2045782830","https://openalex.org/W2143942744","https://openalex.org/W2469134140","https://openalex.org/W2165392093","https://openalex.org/W1972557159","https://openalex.org/W2065280232","https://openalex.org/W4239684153"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,17,61],"robust":[4],"and":[5,22,75,119,132,152,160,181,226],"efficient":[6],"algorithm":[7],"for":[8,43,223],"real-time":[9,186,240],"Fault":[10],"Detection":[11,130],"(FD)":[12],"of":[13,26,37,83,128,134,147,162,195],"neutron":[14,204,229],"flux":[15,205,230],"detectors,":[16,231],"critical":[18,239],"component":[19],"in":[20,80],"Instrumentation":[21],"Control":[23],"(I&C)":[24],"systems":[25,46],"Nuclear":[27],"Power":[28],"Plants":[29],"(NPP).":[30],"The":[31,138,168],"proposed":[32,164,197],"methodology":[33],"addresses":[34],"the":[35,66,81,87,114,126,145,158,163,172,193,196,234],"challenge":[36],"sensitive":[38],"fault":[39,165,188],"detection":[40,56,166,189],"index":[41],"generation":[42],"nonlinear":[44],"Gaussian":[45],"by":[47,208,228],"leveraging":[48],"enhanced":[49],"Sequential":[50],"Monte":[51],"Carlo":[52],"(SMC)":[53],"variant.":[54],"These":[55],"indices":[57],"are":[58,211],"processed":[59],"using":[60,213],"novel":[62],"statistical":[63],"divergence":[64],"measure,":[65],"Gradient-based":[67],"Kullback":[68],"Leibler":[69],"Divergence":[70],"(GKLD).":[71],"To":[72,191],"enhance":[73],"robustness":[74,159],"sensitivity":[76,102],"to":[77,106,154,175,185,237],"incipient":[78],"faults":[79],"presence":[82],"high":[84],"noise":[85],"levels,":[86],"GKLD":[88],"output":[89],"is":[90,104],"integrated":[91],"with":[92],"an":[93,141],"Exponentially":[94],"Weighted":[95],"Moving":[96],"Average":[97],"(EWMA)":[98],"framework.":[99],"A":[100],"comprehensive":[101],"analysis":[103],"conducted":[105],"evaluate":[107],"key":[108],"tuning":[109],"parameters":[110],"impact,":[111],"such":[112],"as":[113],"EWMA":[115],"smoothing":[116],"factor":[117],"(\u03b1)":[118],"threshold":[120],"multiplier":[121],"(<italic":[122],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[123],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">h</i>),":[124],"on":[125],"Probability":[127,133],"Missed":[129],"(PMD)":[131],"False":[135],"Alarm":[136],"(PFA).":[137],"results,":[139],"including":[140],"ablation":[142],"study":[143],"quantifying":[144],"contribution":[146],"individual":[148],"components":[149],"(EKF-PF,":[150],"GKLD,":[151],"EWMA)":[153],"overall":[155],"performance,":[156],"confirm":[157],"effectiveness":[161,194],"method.":[167],"findings":[169],"also":[170],"highlight":[171],"method\u2019s":[173],"ability":[174],"handle":[176],"varying":[177],"Fault-to-Noise":[178],"Ratios":[179],"(FNR)":[180],"demonstrate":[182],"its":[183],"applicability":[184],"reactor":[187,221,235],"systems.":[190],"validate":[192],"framework,":[198],"Pressurized":[199],"Heavy":[200],"Water":[201],"Reactor":[202],"(PHWR)":[203],"variations":[206],"driven":[207],"reactivity":[209],"changes":[210],"modeled":[212],"Point":[214],"Kinetic":[215],"Equations":[216],"(PKE),":[217],"which":[218],"accurately":[219],"represent":[220],"dynamics":[222],"realistic":[224],"conditions":[225],"measured":[227],"distributed":[232],"across":[233],"core":[236,243],"provide":[238],"information":[241],"about":[242],"status.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}