{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412081924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3581659","title":"Independent Component Analysis-Based Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection","display_name":"Independent Component Analysis-Based Infrared Dim and Small Target Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412081924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3581659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3581659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3581659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090726886","display_name":"Yuan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1113-3154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1113-3154","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101827905","display_name":"Xiaorun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7611-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7611-845X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028845261","display_name":"Shuhan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9996-0666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9996-0666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96801799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9305999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9305999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9290000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9085999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6635184288024902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.5641158223152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-component-analysis","display_name":"Independent component analysis","score":0.4789317548274994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38097867369651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.32579803466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2717124819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24617832899093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.23484987020492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.0919283926486969}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6635184288024902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.5641158223152161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51432778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259145","display_name":"Independent component analysis","level":2,"score":0.4789317548274994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38097867369651794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32579803466796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2717124819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24617832899093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.23484987020492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0919283926486969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3581659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3581659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5626880491","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024R401178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338199","funder_display_name":"Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338199","display_name":"Medical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W2040154021","https://openalex.org/W2105252204","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2344666353","https://openalex.org/W2476118598","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2770868881","https://openalex.org/W2776575223","https://openalex.org/W2900678331","https://openalex.org/W3092404985","https://openalex.org/W3092535672","https://openalex.org/W3097913527","https://openalex.org/W3133742914","https://openalex.org/W3145563919","https://openalex.org/W3159262688","https://openalex.org/W3164596300","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3200250689","https://openalex.org/W4289792517","https://openalex.org/W4292337114","https://openalex.org/W4309475320","https://openalex.org/W4312729759","https://openalex.org/W4313549920","https://openalex.org/W4313591737","https://openalex.org/W4315630892","https://openalex.org/W4317794940","https://openalex.org/W4381415904","https://openalex.org/W4382401167","https://openalex.org/W4385743186","https://openalex.org/W4387129496","https://openalex.org/W4390187382","https://openalex.org/W4391250905","https://openalex.org/W4391974532","https://openalex.org/W4394597260","https://openalex.org/W4400877947","https://openalex.org/W4402097425","https://openalex.org/W4402491026","https://openalex.org/W4403277959","https://openalex.org/W4403287919","https://openalex.org/W4403325863","https://openalex.org/W4403977239","https://openalex.org/W4407948522"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2121429698","https://openalex.org/W2182042810","https://openalex.org/W4252230435","https://openalex.org/W55679925","https://openalex.org/W3080404860","https://openalex.org/W2046761971","https://openalex.org/W3144722888"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrared":[0],"(IR)":[1],"dim":[2],"and":[3,12,21,53,87,107,165,189],"small":[4,44],"target":[5,45,156,185],"detection":[6,46,157],"is":[7,140,175],"crucial":[8],"in":[9,18,32,182],"various":[10],"military":[11],"civilian":[13],"fields":[14],"but":[15],"faces":[16],"challenges":[17],"complex":[19],"environments":[20],"low":[22],"signal-to-noise":[23],"ratio.":[24],"Considering":[25],"the":[26,29,34,60,77,102,108,118,123,131,145,150,155],"limitations":[27],"of":[28,36,104,110,149,184],"existing":[30],"methods":[31,181],"capturing":[33],"characteristics":[35],"different":[37],"components,":[38],"this":[39],"paper":[40],"proposes":[41],"an":[42],"IR":[43,62,170],"method":[47],"based":[48],"on":[49,167],"frequency":[50,83,89,119],"data":[51,90,120],"sphering":[52,91],"independent":[54,96,111,125,133],"component":[55,97,112,126,134],"analysis":[56,98,166],"(FICA-TD).":[57],"Specifically,":[58],"for":[59,100,130],"yet-to-be-detected":[61],"frame,":[63],"we":[64,75,94],"construct":[65],"a":[66,81,88,136],"corresponding":[67],"spatial-temporal":[68],"tensor":[69],"with":[70,80],"its":[71],"adjacent":[72],"frames.":[73],"Then,":[74],"suppress":[76],"low-frequency":[78],"information":[79,138,148],"designed":[82],"high-pass":[84],"filtering":[85],"operator":[86],"operator.":[92],"Subsequently,":[93],"develop":[95],"theory":[99],"determining":[101],"number":[103],"signal":[105],"sources":[106],"basis":[109],"space":[113],"\u03a9IC,":[114],"followed":[115],"by":[116],"projecting":[117],"sphered":[121],"tensorDspinto":[122],"constructed":[124],"space.":[127],"Furthermore,":[128],"as":[129],"achieved":[132],"tensorI,":[135],"sparsity":[137],"filter":[139,143],"developed":[141],"to":[142,177],"out":[144],"residual":[146],"low-response":[147],"middle":[151],"frontal":[152],"slice.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"result":[158],"sequence":[159],"can":[160],"be":[161],"obtained.":[162],"Comprehensive":[163],"experiments":[164],"five":[168],"real":[169],"sequences":[171],"demonstrate":[172],"that":[173],"FICA-TD":[174],"superior":[176],"seven":[178],"state-of-the-art":[179],"competitive":[180],"terms":[183],"detectability,":[186],"background":[187],"suppressibility,":[188],"overall":[190],"performance.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}